lung dissection method a level biology

Granchi C, Bertini S, Macchia M, Minutolo F. Inhibitors of lactate dehydrogenase isoforms and their therapeutic potentials. 1 Living locusts: For more details refer to the CLEAPSS Guide L56 'Housing and keeping animals'. At this concentration, methylene blue stain is low hazard. the trachea or windpipe the main tube bringing air into and out of the lungs. The materials needed in this dissection include sheep's heart, a dissecting tray, a blunt metal probe, a pair of scissors, a scalpel, and a pair of tweezers. There should be images of all the features listed in the table above, which is not to say a . . The type I Pneumocytes are simple squamous cells that are highly attenuated with a dense, small, and flattened nucleus. This slows down the blood cells, meaning that more exchange of gases can occur, and it also pushes them closer to the walls of the capillaries, decreasing the diffusion distance. AQA: Topic 4.1.3.1, 4.2.2.2, 4.2.2.4 and 4.2.2.6. To avoid contamination with biological material (which could cause an allergic reaction); Place the specimen on the dissecting board; Use the tools to access the desired structure. In some disorders, they also show epithelial damage with fibrosis of the exudate and expansion of the interstitium through generalized fibrosis. Online Dissection Resources. The tertiary bronchi continue to divide into small bronchioles where the first change in histology takes place as cartilage is no longer present in the bronchioles. doc, 60.5 KB. This dissection focuses on the function of the breathing system, and a description is provided in the teachers' notes of how to inflate one of the lobes in the lungs via an incision made in the trachea. Observe careful hygiene precautions after the dissection. By taking in fresh air, the lungs are able to help oxygenate blood to be carried around your body. Underinflation or over inflation should be prevented. This will depend on how many lungs you obtain and on how many of your students opt out of handling (or closely observing) the specimens. The smallest branches of tracheae appear to end abruptly. Cut along the trachea towards the lungs and look for the C- shaped rings of cartilage as you cut through them. A light-hearted introduction to the subject of insect physiology not one for the insect-phobics but it might make a context for discussing why insects of such enormous size would not be able to sustain themselves in terms of ventilation for gas exchange (or, for that matter, supporting their bodies against the effect of gravity). Students should explain the need for exchange surfaces and a transport system in multicellular organisms in terms of surface area/volume ratio. Some students may have religious or cultural objections to handling dead animal material, particularly pigs or cows, and depending on the method of slaughter. The black staining seen in the lungs of smokers results from macrophages cleaning and sequestering particles that make their way inside. Time: ~45-60 minutes. Locusts, like leaves, are covered with a waterproof cuticle. They are type I pneumocytes (alveolar lining cells) and type II pneumocytes. Storage of offal: Is it acceptable to store offal, such as plucks, hearts, kidneys, etc., in a freezer for long periods (months) for future use? q Cut the portion of gut longitudinally, open it out flat, wash away all trace of the gut contents and mount the specimen in water on a slide beneath a coverslip. They contain numerous secondary lysosomes and lipid droplets. Most of the respiratory epithelium is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The CLEAPSS Hazcard highlights that solid methylene blue is harmful if swallowed and by inhalation and by skin contact. Two types of epithelia form a continuous lining around each alveolus. N = 3 in each group, total N = 18. Based on cell count, seed cells in an appropriate cell culture flask at a density of 2x10 3-1x10 4 cells/cm 2. Turtles are smashed on the head with hammers and have holes drilled into their shells so that their hearts can be viewed and manipulated. The adjacent cells are connected by tight (occluding) junctions, which prevent leakage of tissue fluid into the alveolar lumen. The lymphoid tissue of the tracheobronchial system is modified to contain diffuse, aggregated, and solitary lymphatic nodules specialized to be called, Converting an inactive chemical precursor into its active form, like turning angiotensin-I into angiotensin-II, which help in raising of blood pressure, It is also an essential site for degrading/inactivating important vasoactive chemical mediators like bradykinin, serotonin, and norepinephrine, The bronchial mucosa also contains a small cluster of neuroendocrine cells, Pulmonary epithelium acts as the first line of defense for the inspired air, Contain enzyme systems that detoxify noxious substances. (Use a blunt seeker to separate the strip from the underlying tissues the heart should remain attached to the strip.) Word Document File. This 5-minute video shows a teacher from Preston College (UK) inflating sheep lungs. g Fix a dead adult locust to the stage of a monocular microscope and examine the abdominal and thoracic spiracles more closely. The lungs are an essential component of the pulmonary circulation where the deoxygenated blood pumped by the right ventricle of the heart is gushed through the pulmonary arteries to alveolar-capillary beds of the lung for gaseous exchange. The bronchial mucosa also contains a small cluster of neuroendocrine cells, also known as Kulchitsky cells[11]. Chronic restrictive lung diseases are marked by diffuse interstitial changes that are more prominent than the morphological changes. Resource type: Worksheet/Activity. Introduction Lung dissections are conducted to explore and understand the function of the lungs by It is reproduced here for reference and to aid co-teaching the AS and A-level specifications. In 1978, Naruke suggested an anatomical map in which the lymph node stations were numbered, and since then this map has been used for nodal dissection. They have neurosecretory type granules and can secrete several factors. Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology]. A . b Set up a suitable number of stereomicroscopes and monocular microscopes. 1 Disinfectant: Use Virkon, following manufacturers instructions. that looked at the serum of 20 non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cancer patients and 10 healthy controls found that proteins like 2 macroglobulin, microglobulin/bikunine, and SERPINA1 could be . This mechanism of breathing also helps to allow you to talk. All dissection occurs on the tile placed on newspaper. IBO was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, the resources created by Save My Exams. The thickened mucus disrupts the mucociliary escalator filtration function of the lungs resulting in obstruction. 2. This allows air to flow from one alveolus to another, which may be beneficial if there is any blockage preventing air from entering alveoli through a direct route. The thread-like structures that permeate organs such as the gut are easily seen using a microscope. The smooth muscle allows the Lumen (the inside space) to constrict, by contracting. The abundance of macrophages and neutrophils that migrate to the acinus due to an increase in particulate bring an equal rise of elastase and other proteases. Don't be shy with the heart, use your fingers to feel your way through the dissection. A) Results of the densitometric analysis normalized to -actin. The PI/supervisor is responsible for ensuring that all personnel involved in dissection of biological material are given appropriate training in safe working practices. Leuenberger P. [Clinical importance of non-respiratory functions of the lung]. 1. Duringfetal development, the surfactant appears in the last few weeks of gestation and coincides with the appearance of lamellar bodies in the type II cells. ECM remodeling is the basis of pathologic changes in obstructive pulmonary diseases, and collagen alteration provides insight into the disease. They allow for the internal structures of organs to be examined so that theories can be made about how they function. Specialized cells collaborate to warm, moisturize, and remove particles that enter. Within the lungs, the conducting portion spits into paired main bronchi. The important reason for carrying out this experiment is to examine and understand the . (2017) Targeting the Golgi apparatus to overcome acquired resistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This film shows how to carry out a dissection of a sheep pluck, showing the relative positions of the trachea, lungs and heart. It goes against the religious beliefs of some . In this, as any good dissection, the target is to open the animal in a way that does minimal damage, and carefully displace its internal organs. Use a ruler to measure the thickness of the walls. 4. The normal lung cells can be typed as type I and type II pneumocytes based on histochemical analyses using lectin typing (glycotyping) [17]. Cystic fibrosis may also cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The second-harmonic generation (SHG) technique used to quantify collagen has demonstrated effect analysis of lung diseases, with a biochemically distinct presentation of organization of collagen in asthma, COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) [21]. In this way you will be less likely to damage the internal organs. Surfaces of the lung are specialised for exchanging materials. Australian Curriculum v9 Codes: AC9S8U01 (Year 8), AC9S8U02 (Year 8). Arrange the lungs so that the larynx end of the trachea is closest to Put on your eye protection . It is roughly spherical, resembling a bunch of grapes. This could be shown to a class or used as an instructional guide for a teacher. Organisms Respond to Changes in their Environments (A Level only), 6.1.9 Investigating Touch and Temperature Receptors, 6.1.12 Investigating Variables that Affect Heart Rate, 6.2.6 Maths Skill: Calculating Maximum Impulse Frequency, 6.2.8 Transmission Across a Cholinergic Synapse, 6.3.3 Examining Skeletal Muscle Under a Microscope, 6.4.6 Control of Blood Glucose Concentration, 6.4.8 Calculating the Concentration of Glucose in Urine, 7. The oxygenated blood from the capillaries of the lungs is returned to the left atrium by the four pulmonary veins. By histology, these cells have foamy cytoplasm, which results from the surfactant that is stored as lamellar bodies. Metastasis can be confirmed by IHC staining to identify primary tumor tissue of origin. Lift the skin of the abdomen with a pair of forceps and make a small cut at about the middle of the abdomen. The pencil passes through the right ventricle into the right atrium via the tricuspid valve. Alternatively you can use old enamel pie dishes or heavy-gauge aluminium dishes with sloping sides and fill these with molten black wax (eg, from Philip Harris; A72291 or A72308). These are the primary site of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The lung is identified, dissected en-block, weighed, and labeled. o Compare your dissection with a few others in the group, as the number and size of air sacs can vary considerably from one locust to another. Type II pneumocytes are also mitotically active and can replace the easily damaged type I pneumocytes. This will contain the bronchioles, alveoli and pulmonary blood vessels. Ava Hearts Biology presents: Biology Dissection for GCSE and A Level. If you undertake your own dissection please take due safety precautions: - Take care with sharp dissecting tools.- Observe careful hygiene precautions after the dissection. There are benefits in terms of learning opportunities specific to the ventilation system of this organism and also general techniques of handling dissection material, interpreting what is seen and preparing temporary slides. The elastic fibres allow the lumen to Dilate (widen) after the smooth muscle has contracted and then relaxed. This is done by inhaling the air and bringing it in toward the . The lobes are further divided into smaller pyramidal shaped sections called the bronchopulmonary segments. This decreases the volume of the ribs which means that they have a higher air pressure than the outside, causing air to rush out. v Compare what you can see with the diagrams below showing part of a tracheal system, and a system that has been immersed in ethanol overnight. Put the specimen on its back on a dissecting tray. Why do the lungs appear a pink/red colour? Jin L, Wang Z, Qi X. Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: Case series and a review of the literature. Sanchez-Guzman D, Le Guen P, Villeret B, Sola N, Le Borgne R, Guyard A, Kemmel A, Crestani B, Sallenave JM, Garcia-Verdugo I. What are these called? Goblet cells decrease in number as the respiratory tree gets progressively smaller and are eventually replaced by club cells (previously Clara cells) when they reach the respiratory bronchioles. There are ethical concerns surrounding dissections. Thickening is due to increased absorption of sodium (Na) and water from the lumen. Observe the spongy nature of the lung tissue. Dissections provide information that can complement the information obtained from investigations of living animals. Suki B, Sato S, Parameswaran H, Szabari MV, Takahashi A, Bartolk-Suki E. Emphysema and mechanical stress-induced lung remodeling. Distinct expression of CK7 and CK20 profiles, in addition to the absence of markers commonly expressed in primary lung cancer, can signify metastatic cancer. It is safer to buy in locusts when needed rather than attempt to maintain a permanent culture. Cut off the wings if they get in the way. Since Cahan (1960) reported the first 48 cases that successfully underwent lobectomy with regional lymph node dissection, which was called radical lobectomy, this procedure has been a standard surgery for lung cancer. Prepare the locust for dissection by cutting the wings off and pin some of the legs to the cork surface with the underside of the locust facing towards you. If you discuss your needs with your butcher, they may be able to limit damage to the material and provide lungs in the form that you need. The alveolar sacs are the ends of the respiratory tree and the site of gaseous exchange. Fish head dissection. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. The conduction portion of the lung begins at the trachea and extends to the terminal bronchioles. Energy Transfers In & Between Organisms (A Level only), 5.1.1 Chloroplast Structures & their Functions, 5.1.4 Using the Products of the Light Dependent Reaction, 5.1.7 Investigating the Rate of Photosynthesis, 5.2.9 Investigating the Rate of Respiration, 5.3.8 Calculating Productivity & Efficiency, 5.4.2 Practical Skill: Investigate the Effect of Minerals on Plant Growth, 5.4.3 Microorganisms Role in Recycling Minerals, 6. c Check that all dissecting equipment (trays and tools) was cleaned appropriately before storage. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The most common cause of emphysema is smoking; although, it canbe causedby repetitive inhalation of any foreign particulate material. They phagocyte and remove unwanted materials such as inhaled particulate matter (carbon), dust, and bacteria. www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2PLls02gOU Link to trailer for the horror film Them! featuring giant ants that developed by mutation following an atomic blast. Alveolar epithelium is composed of type I pneumocytes, type II pneumocytes, and the occasional brush cells. These, when discharged by exocytosis into alveoli, spreads on alveolar surface and combines with other carbohydrate and protein-containing secretory products (some secreted by Clara cells) to form surfactant, which is a tubular lattice of lipoprotein known as tubular myelin, which overcomes effects of surface tension. Preparation. The dorsal side of the lung will be facing the open/upper side. Avoid sources of ignition and skin contact with ethanol IDA (Note 2). I used this during my schools open evening. Image showing the visible structures of the gills after dissection. They occupy about 3-5% of the surface area of alveoli interspersed among type I cells with which they have occluding and desmosomal junctions. The conducting portion brings the air from outside to the site of the respiration. Method External examination 1. The acinus is directly distal to the terminal bronchioles and which signals the beginning of the respiratory part. Indicates resources that are free. Immunohistochemical algorithm for differentiation of lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma based on large series of whole-tissue sections with validation in small specimens. Resource type: Worksheet/Activity. Murray JF. View more resources from this publisher; Collections: Using a spirometer to investigate human lung function, Investigating factors affecting the breathing rate of a locust, 2019, Royal Society of Biology, 1 Naoroji Street, London WC1X 0GB Registered Charity No. Air will almost certainly escape from cut surfaces of the lung, so it is best to place the lungs inside a large, transparent, plastic bag to stop any aerosols (contaminated with possible pathogens) from escaping into the laboratory air. EGFR mutation and ALK translocation are the most effectively targeted oncogenes in non-small cell carcinomas and are now considered standard treatment procedures presently [19]. Scalpels are commonly used in dissections. Oncotarget 9: 1641 . Outside the lungs, the conduction system consists of the nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, and trachea. The cytoplasm has abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, well developed Golgi apparatus, free ribosomes, and a moderate amount of elongated mitochondria. Some students may be sensitive to the use of any animal product in this way, or to the very existence of animals bred and raised for human consumption. However, the experience of dissecting real animal material adds an extra dimension to understanding the structure of the lungs and the relationship of structure to function. any vessels linking the lungs to the heart. Marin ND, Dunlap MD, Kaushal D, Khader SA. 4.9. 4.460869565217391 237 reviews. These four chambers work together to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body; this allows blood to circulate the body in a regular manner. We hope to guide pupils through discovering as much as they can from the lungs! Lung pathologies can be broadly classified as obstructive lung diseases or restrictive lung diseases. The conducting portion provides the pathway for the movement and conditioning of the air entering the lung. During each respiratory cycle (inspiration and expiration), the aeration of the lungs does not exceed 10% of its capacity. The final question encourages students to consider the limitations on size for an animal that exchanges gas in this way. Identify coronary artery and locate where comes from aorta. 2.1.Lung cancer. Industrial lung disease like silicosis is because of inhalation of silica into air sacs (as tiny particles) that are phagocytosed by macrophages. It is lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium. Contributed by David Lynch MD. Objectives: Systematic lymph node dissection in radical operation for lung cancer is recognized as an operative procedure which is expected to improve local control. Only materials from cattle, sheep and goats are currently specified and only under certain circumstances. The surfactant is not static but continually being turned over and removed. Contributed by The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), lung histology 200x. Alberto ML, Galdos-Riveros AC, Pessolato AG, dos Santos JM, Miglino MA. Microscope, monocular up to x400 magnification, Dissecting kit fine-pointed scissors, 1; pins, 8; forceps, 1; seeker, 1, Volume of insect saline or water (Note 4), OptionalImpatiens, (busy Lizzie), 1 fresh leaf (Note 6). Oesophagus is a muscular tube that is attached to the dorsal side of the trachea. Make sure you name the specific tools (e.g. Lungs dissection. h Try to inflate the lungs and observe how they respond. Restrictive disorders, on the other hand, are marked by the fibrous deposits that restrict lung function. Lindeman NI, Cagle PT, Beasley MB, Chitale DA, Dacic S, Giaccone G, Jenkins RB, Kwiatkowski DJ, Saldivar JS, Squire J, Thunnissen E, Ladanyi M. Molecular testing guideline for selection of lung cancer patients for EGFR and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors: guideline from the College of American Pathologists, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and Association for Molecular Pathology. 3. Students should know the structure and functioning of the human heart and lungs, including how lungs are adapted for gaseous exchange. Ethanol IDA, Hazcard 40A keep away from naked flames and avoid skin contact (Note 2). The Lungs, Schematic longitudinal section of a primary lobule of the lung, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, atria, alveolar sac, alveolus or air cell, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, lymphatic, lymph node. For each of the papers below, there are revision notes, summary sheets, questions from past exam papers separated by topic and other worksheets. Observe its movements and record carefully what you see. 1.1.10 Biochemical Tests: Sugars & Starch, 1.1.11 Finding the Concentration of Glucose, 1.3.7 The Molecular Structure of Haemoglobin, 1.3.8 The Molecular Structure of Collagen, 1.4.4 Required Practical: Measuring Enzyme Activity, 1.4.5 Maths Skill: Drawing a Graph for Enzyme Rate Experiments, 1.4.6 Maths Skill: Using a Tangent to Find Initial Rate of Reaction, 1.4.7 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Temperature, 1.4.8 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: pH, 1.4.10 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Enzyme Concentration, 1.4.11 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Substrate Concentration, 1.4.12 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Inhibitors, 1.4.13 Models & Functions of Enzyme Action, 1.4.14 Practical Skill: Controlling Variables & Calculating Uncertainty, 1.5 Nucleic Acids: Structure & DNA Replication, 1.5.2 Nucleotide Structure & the Phosphodiester Bond, 1.5.6 The Origins of Research on the Genetic Code, 1.5.8 The Process of Semi-Conservative Replication, 1.5.9 Calculating the Frequency of Nucleotide Bases, 2.2.2 Microscopy & Drawing Scientific Diagrams, 2.2.6 Cell Fractionation & Ultracentrifugation, 2.2.7 Scientific Research into Cell Organelles, 2.3 Cell Division in Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells, 2.3.7 Uncontrolled Cell Division & Cancer, 2.4.2 Components of Cell Surface Membranes, 2.4.8 Comparing Osmosis in Animal & Plant Cells, 2.4.13 Factors Affecting Membrane Fluidity, 2.5.5 The Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells, 2.6 Vaccines, Disease & Monoclonal Antibodies, 2.6.6 Ethical Issues with Vaccines & Monoclonal Antibodies, 3.1.5 Adaptations of Gas Exchange Surfaces, 3.2.3 Looking at the Gas Exchange under the Microscope, 3.2.11 Correlations & Causal Relationships - The Lungs, 3.4.7 Animal Adaptations For Their Environment, 3.5.8 Interpreting Data on the Cardiovascular System, 3.5.9 Correlations & Causal Relationships - The Heart, 3.5.10 Required Practical: Dissecting Mass Transport Systems, 4.2.6 Nucleic Acid & Amino Acid Sequence Comparison, 4.3 Genetic Diversity: Mutations & Meiosis, 4.3.5 Meiosis: Sources of Genetic Variation, 4.3.7 The Outcomes & Processes of Mitosis & Meiosis, 4.4.2 Maths Skill: Using Logarithms When Investigating Bacteria, 4.4.4 Directional & Stabilising Selection, 4.6.7 Quantitative Investigations of Variation, 4.6.9 Genetic Relationships Between Organisms, 5. A great lung dissecton sheet with clear instructions. This should either be by incineration, or in a dustbin . Concepts: biology, anatomy, pumps. This permits a uni-directional passage of air from anterior to posterior in the insect which increases the efficiency of the tracheal system. Also present in the alveolar walls are the club cells and alveolar macrophages. A. la95. Download the student sheet Dissection of the ventilation system of a locust (394 KB) with questions and answers. Bronchus stumps showed a reduced NIR (77.82 10.27 vs 68.01 8.95; P = 0,02158) and OHI (48.60 1.39 vs 38.15 9.74; P = <.0001), although the perfusion of the upper tissue layers was equivalent before and after resection (67.42% 12.53 vs 65.91% 10.40). Cut a section of the gill arch away so that you have a few gill filaments detached from the arch. Grab some colored pencils to help you identify and mark the vessels you . Pull the mid-gut upwards gently and look at the air-filled tracheae from the side. The thin cytoplasm shows numerous pinocytotic vesicles. Post fixation tissue trimming is a crucial component to get the best sections. This helps in proper assessment without any artifacts and over/under the judgment of the tissue structure. (21) $1.99. For a complete account of a process such as ventilation, students will need to understand both structure and function in the systems observed. Use forceps to move the operculum in and out, showing how it moves during ventilation. Physicians hope to prevent infant respiratory distress when a patient goes into premature labor by offering the parent glucocorticoids. Preserve the strip in a tube containing 70% ethanol if you wish to study locust hearts in more detail at any point. Another adaptation to the task of efficient gaseous exchange is that the capillaries surrounding the alveoli are so thin that only one red blood cell may pass through at a time. p With scissors, remove a small portion (2.5 mm long) of the mid-gut or hind-gut together with some tracheae. The basal cells connect to the basement membrane and provide the attachment layer of the ciliated cells and goblet cells. Lung adenocarcinoma is one of the most deadly human diseases. For those squeamish of dissecting an animal, dissecting a flower is also a good learning opportunity. Using the scissors or scalpel make a shallow cut along the operculum, in order to not damage the gill filaments while also gaining access. Ever wondered just what our eye is made of and how it works? Contributed by Gray's Anatomy Plates (more), Gaseous exchange in the lung. r Observe it under low power and high power. The Control of Gene Expression (A Level only), 8.2 Regulation of Gene Expression (A Level only), 8.2.4 Producing Tissue Cultures of Explants, 8.2.6 Evaluating Data about Genetic Expression, 8.4.3 Investigating the Specificity of Restriction Enzymes, 8.4.9 Genetic Counselling & Personalised Medicine, Dissections are a vital part of scientific research, They allow for the internal structures of organs to be examined so that theories can be made about how they function, There are ethical concerns surrounding dissections, People worry about how the animals for dissections are raised and killed, It goes against the religious beliefs of some individuals, The biological specimen used for dissection should be from a reputable source and should be disposed of in the correct manner, If multiple specimens are being dissected then they should be taken from individual organisms of the same species and roughly the same age, A lab coat, gloves and eye protection should be worn, To avoid contamination with biological material (which could cause an allergic reaction), Place the specimen on the dissecting board, Use the tools to access the desired structure, When using the scalpel cut away from your body and keep your fingers far from the blade to reduce the chance of cutting yourself, Scissors can be used for cutting large sections of tissue (cuts do not need to be precise), Scalpel enables finer, more precise cutting and needs to be sharp to ensure this, Use pins to move the other sections of the specimen aside to leave the desired structure exposed, It can be hard to see some of the smaller, finer structures within organs, The specimens do not reflect how the tissue would look in a living organism, If only a single specimen is dissected then anomalies found within that specimen may be ignored or glossed over, The main structures of the gas exchange systems in mammals and fish can be revealed in dissections, The much smaller gas exchange systems of organisms such as insects can be more difficult to examine by dissection, The key structures that can be seen from a dissection of mammalian lungs are shown in the image below, The smaller structures such as the alveoli can be hard to distinguish in a dissected lung, The key structures that can be seen from a dissection of fish gills are shown in the image below, The smaller structures such as the lamellae can be hard to distinguish in a dissected fish, Microscopes are also needed to observe the structures.

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