what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. The objective of a swelling pressure test on soil is to determine the swelling pressure of expansive soil when it is not allowed to undergo any volume change. is known as Swell ing Pressure of Soil. H. H. Adem and S. K. Vanapalli, Constitutive modeling approach for estimating1-Dheave with respect to time for expansive soils, International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. In this paper, introduced first is a recently developed suction-controlled swelling pressure instrument, which can be used to measure the swelling pressure of expansive soil over a wide suction range. What is swell pressure test of soil and its laboratory procedure? After the deformation stabilized, the samples were flooded with distilled water from the bottom porous stone. Can Geotech J 32:10591064, Hagan MT, Menhaj M (1994) Training feedforward networks with the Marquardt algorithm. A sufficient volume of internal pore space reduced soil swelling. The swelling They are described in the following equations:where and are the swelling coefficients of the last two phases. T. Schanz and Y. Al-Badran, Swelling pressure characteristics of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01, Soils and Foundations, vol. The swelling pressure is dependent on the: 2009-2021 The Constructor. Specifically, the OT can be used to apply the . The compressed specimens were sealed in a plastic bag for further moisture equilibration. The swelling mechanisms have been studied based on diffuse double layer theory (e.g., Sridharan and Jayadeva [1] and Tripathy et al. In: Peters A et al (eds) Proceedings of the 10th international conference on computational methods in water resources, vol 12. J Geotech Eng 122(1):7073, Goh ATC, Wong KS, Broms BB (1995) Estimation of lateral wall movements in braced excavation using neural networks. Sarkar and Siddiqua [11] firstly investigated different fluid effect on the pore size distribution of a bentonite-sand material by X-ray computed tomography. Expansive soils are among the top natural hazards and phenomena such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes ().Three (03) main factors control the triggering of swelling phenomenon and related damages on structures (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981): the presence of montmorillonite, with natural water content close to . Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. False - Shrinkage crack patters are usually random. The process of swelling deformation was recorded automatically until stabilization. Table 1 shows the swelling coefficients for different initial water contents under the same dry density. Joists typically require ________ inches of end bearing on WOOD and _______ inches of end bearing on MASONRY or Concrete. % The load measuring proving ring tip According to Table 2, there was a negative correlation between swelling coefficient in the second phase and dry density. to isolate the sub-soil from the moisture (mainly rain water) coming in its maximum and swelling phase shall be stopped, and the consolidation phase The minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil is: ____psi. Scientists have proposed that 65 million years ago in what is now the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, a 1.21016kg1.2 \times 10^{16}-\mathrm{kg}1.21016kg meteorite moving at speed 11km/s11 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}11km/s collided with Earth, and the resulting harsh conditions led to the extinction of many species, including the dinosaurs. Record the compression dial readings till the dial 1. Therefore, the maximum increase in expansive stress occurred with the increase of dry density under moisture content of 15.8%. Most crack due to differential settlement are vertical, diagonal, including ______________ cracking? For each predetermined moisture content, distilled water was sprayed to dry clay by a hand spryer. The relation of expansive stress and suction has been demonstrated by Agus et al. [16]). The water entered into the cell until 5mm higher than the top surface of the sample. Do partition walls have structural elements? The equilibrium swelling is normally These pressures must be predicted before the structures are constructed in order to prevent the damages. In the first stage of the study, the lateral and vertical swelling pressures were measured with different thicknesses of expanded polystyrene geofoam placed between one of the vertical walls of the steel box and the expansive soil in the laboratory. 5261, 2015. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz The general age of the neighborhood is useful information. Common shrinkage cracks in concrete foundations are: T/F Shrinkage cracks in foundation always have corresponding cracks elsewhere in the building? Compression index was calculated according to the slope of the straight line. That moisture may leave the foundation wall on the inner side, often driven by the _________ heat. 15 minutes and moisten all surfaces of the consolidometer which are to be The swelling strain decreased sharply with a rise in the axial pressure. The implication of a missing air/vapor barriers are ___________________ on the cold side of the insulation. Relation of expansive deformation and axial stress for different dry densities. The data were collected in the laboratory using a newly developed device and experimental setup also. However, these techniques are very complex and time-consuming. The maximum value of axial deformation was 13.10% for the maximum dry density of 0.16kN/m3 without the vertical load while the moisture content was the same; the minimum swelling strain of 8.95% was observed while the dry density was 0.14kN/m3. Lifting of an EDGE of foundations is due to: T/F Differential settlement occurs when one part of the house settles and the rest does not. The perpendicular wall reinforces the cracked wall near the end, preventing it from moving. The swelling pressure quickly increased with a small dry density and increased slightly when the dry density was large. sample shall be compacted to the desired (field) density and water content Annual Book of ASTM Standards C578, 04.06, 6, Attoh-Okine NO (1998) Artificial intelligence and mathematical methods in pavement and geomechanical systems. shall be 0.2 to 0.5mm less than the internal diameter of the Neurocomputing 13:313346, Data Collection will Clarify Clayboard Doubts (1991) In ground engineering. Lost your password? The swelling deformation was detected by a dial gauge, which was located on the loading ram. 157162, 2014. When water is introduced to expansive soils, the water molecules are pulled into gaps between the soil plates. Beams should not be _______________ or ______________. removing the material around the ring. The fitted function could be described as follows:where stands for dry density and represents expansive stress. The sample was saturated from the bottom to the top of the sample. Several smaller cracks because the indicate more movement. Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below: If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. asymptotic with abscissa (time scale). 1-2, pp. Sub floors What is the tolerance for compression test results of concrete, according to the standards? (1) Dry Density Effect. It's distributed usually in flood events. There are numerous techniques recommended for estimating the swelling pressures. Therefore, with high compaction, the sample was expandable even though the sample was under a heavy applied vertical load. Why do clay soils swell? 4. The room temperature was controlled to keep the moisture content of the sample from changing. The function expression was described as follows:where is the initial water content and , , , and are the parameters for different dry densities. Table 1 : Details of soil specimen Sand mixed with top soil. Why might the crack disappear near the edge of the wall? Google Scholar, Beinbrech G, Hillmann R (1997) EPS in road constructioncurrent situation in Germany. Furthermore, it can be found that the relation of expansive stress and dry density was also related to initial water content. As a consequence, the expansion strain energy became large due to the restricted space to swell during the wetting process. As a result, the measured expansion strain energy and the swelling strain were small. Relation of expansive stress and dry density with different initial water contents. for applying a vertical load and for measuring the change in the thickness of the Land areas were assigned to map soil categories based upon the type of bedrock that exists . Collapse might occur with decreasing dry density. Then trim the specimen The calculated compression indexes are shown in Table 3. True. D. D. Overton, K. C. Chao, and J. D. Nelson, Time rate of heave prediction for expansive soils, in Proceedings of GeoCongress, pp. The minimum swelling pressure of concrete _____ psi. properties of these clay types. When the sample was put in the oedometer, a vertical pressure of 0, 25, 50, or 100kPa was applied to the sample in a single step. with elapsed time as abscissa and swelling dial reading as ordinates on Keep the consolidation specimen ring with the specimen between two porous The suction effect on expansive properties has been analysed (Wray et al. Differential settling The whole process should be quick to ensure minimum loss of moisture give the desired pressures at the time of loading the soil specimen. An oedometer frame is shown in Figure 5. Foundation damage. being more representative of the field conditions. specimen at constant volume, the platen shall be so adjusted that the dial gauge always An Overview. The relationship of expansive stress and dry density could be fitted well by a power function. (Wythe). vertical heave of the specimen under no load. Assemble the consolidometer with the soil specimen (in the ring) S. Kaufhold, W. Baille, T. Schanz, and R. Dohrmann, About differences of swelling pressuredry density relations of compacted bentonites, Applied Clay Science, vol. consolidometer method in which the volume change of the soil is permitted Therefore, in practice, both the expansibility and collapsibility of a weak expansive soil should be considered. 155165, 2012. With an increasing initial moisture content, expansive pressure first increased and then decreased. and the corresponding pressure required to bring back the soil to its M. A. Dafalla, The influence of placement conditions on the swelling of variable clays, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. Void ratio-water content plots were also traced during swelling process. 6, no. 918, 2004. The percent swell versus time relationship could be identified as a rectangular hyperbola, facilitating the prediction of ultimate percent swell. If the consolidation ring in the sample by pressing with hands and carefully Aust Civil Eng Trans 40:4952, Stark TD, Arellano D, Horvath JS, Leshchinsky D (2004) Geofoam applications in the design and construction of highway embankments. Preparation of Specimen from Disturbed Soil Sample: The soil volume24,pages 473485 (2014)Cite this article. Then, large pieces of the clay were squashed to particles and a 2mm sieve was used to remove larger clay blocks. This difference can be explained as follows: under the same dry density, a sample with a smaller initial water content had more macropores (Tan et al. Based on the modified Proctor compaction method, the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content were determined. When the moisture content was 22.19%, the minimum swelling coefficient was achieved. Q. Wang, Y.-J. It is a good idea to inspect the neighborhood as you are arriving at an inspection. developing country. 133144, 1982. IS:2720 (Part-XI). Quick links Shrinking and swelling soils When the axial load was less than 50kPa, all samples except one presented swelling potential. total load in terms of division which when multiplied by the calibration factor gives What kinds of thinks should you look for and how can they help in your inspection? Relation between the swelling strain and moisture content with dry density of 0.16kN/m. 4, pp. Expansive stress clearly rose with dry density based on Figure 17. Then subject the swollen sample to consolidation under different However, the increase in the swelling strain was not apparent with an increasing dry density when the initial water content was greater than 15.8%, even as the dry density changed from 0.15kN/m3 to 0.16kN/m3. In the experimental setup, a rigid steel box was designed to measure transmitted swelling pressures in lateral and vertical directions. The corresponding values were 254kPa and 86.85kPa when moisture contents were 15.8% and 22.19%. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) Houses near the bottom of slopes may experience flooding problems. A. Sridharan and Y. Gurtug, Swelling behaviour of compacted fine-grained soils, Engineering Geology, vol. - 31.200.243.116. The diameter to thickness ratio 1, pp. Traditionally, the swelling pressure is measured by directly inundating the unsaturated expansive soils to the fully saturated state under a confined condition (Sridharan et al., 1986; Tripathy et al., 2004). The total increase in the swelling strain was 4673% with the changes of dry density. ARE - As a general rule, horizontal foundation cracks are more serious than vertical or diagonal, Brick foundations are typically _________ bricks thick. 2, pp. As more water is absorbed, the plates are forced further apart, leading to an increase in soil pore pressure (Handy, 1995). (a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the meteorite before the collision. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 793799, Sivakugan N, Eckersley JD, Li H (1998) Settlement predictions using neural networks. The The peak value of the swelling coefficient in the second phases was while the moisture water content was 15.8%. 71, no. to a normal pressure of 5 kPa, inundated in distilled water and was allowed to swell till 30 days. ring. In: Watson GA (ed) Numerical analysis, vol 630. 39, no. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. However, the thickness The kinematic characteristics of expansive soil are very significant for geotechnical engineering practice. smooth and flush with the top and bottom of the ring. Lateral and vertical swelling pressures associated with expansive soils cause damages on structures. 4. 1, pp. Geosynth Int 7(1):122. Remove about 30mm Then, wetting soil was put in a plastic bag and then placed in a sealed glass pot for 48hours to achieve moisture homogenization. Jayalath et al. The swelling pressure is dependent 2, pp. 1120, 2016. Volumetric changes (usually swell) of expansive soils in presence of water are undesirable from stability reasons. Shrink-swell, or expansive, soils are one of the most costly and globally widespread geological hazards, with costs estimated to run into several billion pounds annually. The magnitude of swell pressure (the minimum vertical stress required to prevent swelling), and free swell (percent swell under a pressure of 1 kPa or 20 lbf/ft 2) can also be determined from the results of Test Method A. This difference could be explained as follows: under the same dry density, a sample with a smaller initial water content had more macropores (Tan et al. <> Meanwhile, dry soil and water were mixed thoroughly to make a uniform testing soil. Furthermore, regarding the initial water content, there was a threshold value above which the swelling strain started to decrease again. (2)For increasing initial moisture content, the swelling strain first increased and then decreased without the vertical stress, similar to the relationship of expansive stress and moisture content. [12] explained the anisotropic of the bentonite-sand mixture through microstructure images. The relationship between the swelling pressure and swelling strain was also analysed. Saba et al. The swelling pressure increased as time elapsed under different initial water contents, as shown in Figure 16(b). natural scale. 83-84, pp. In: Proceedings of the workshop at Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, 56. Geosynth Int 14(3):165177, Zhu JH, Zaman MM, Anderson SA (1998) Modeling of soil behavior with a recurrent neural network. Thomas Telford, UK, Dawson WC, Wilby R (1998) An artificial neural network approach to rainfall-runoff modeling. Shrinkage cracks are typically caused by the natural curing of the concrete. How should steel columns be fastened to steel beams? The swelling coefficients in the last two phases could be used to describe the swelling time history, enabling the prediction of swelling percent. According to swelling deformation time history in Figure 7, the second and third phase could be illustrated by the two coefficients of swelling. Conventional oedometer was used to tests. Expansive deformation experiments were conducted to clear the factors which affected expansive strain. Part of Springer Nature. G. Sarkar and S. Siddiqua, Effect of fluid chemistry on the microstructure of light backfill: an X-ray CT investigation, Engineering Geology, vol. cell. (b) Dry density of 0.15kN/m. The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. rjy [1\g@YHd {@LqN,Uek$YMXS, [Jd5h `JM"lyjI }B4*iUx3{f5'8O`(ko}"P{PX:Pdslx[-e3nE>j4uf[sg]Z0A1@5j$EUd+V-j0bU8uHLRyDT|mIhQu],B(, on the platform shall be determined before filling the ring with the soil These results could be explained by the change in the microstructure with diverse moisture contents. IS 2720(Part 41):1977 Methods of test for soils: With an increase in the initial water content, the proportion of macropores decreased. 113129, 2007. Stiffness refers to how much _______________ or ____________ takes place with a given load. a plot of swelling dial reading versus time in hours, which plot becomes shall not be less than 10 times the maximum diameter of the Correspondence to 7180, 2013. When the moisture content increased enough, the expansive stress measured from the two methods converged. Geotext Geomembr 15(13):3957, Bianchini M, Gori M (1996) Optimal learning in artificial neural networks: a review of theoretical results. pressures. reached over a period of 6 to 7 days in general for all expansive soils. Y.-G. Chen, C.-M. Zhu, W.-M. Ye, Y.-J. A certain amount of mixture was compacted in a specially constructed mould to produce a sample. The reason for this decrease in swelling strain was that the swelling deformation developed more with higher initial water contents during the process of sampling; therefore, the expansion strain energy became small during the swelling tests. S. Banu Ikizler. (c) Ring: The ring shall be made of non-corrosive material. The mineral composition was analysed by X-ray diffraction technique. That is what we refer to as expansive clay. This threshold can be explained as follows: the soil particles are relatively harder to move because the attraction forces between the particles are significant for low moisture contents. When the vertical stress was 100kPa, the swelling strain was less than zero while dry densities were 0.14kN/m3 and 0.15kN/m3. and the porous stone. A pilaster is a thickening of a foundation wall to accommodate the concentrated load of a beam or column. Expansive soil is a problematic soil due to swelling and shrinkage behavior during moisture variation. The test is conducted on a consolidometer. The related parameters were calculated and are listed in Table 4. The test determines the intrinsic swelling pressure of the expansive soil. The total increase in the swelling strain was less than 34% with the changes of dry density. the seating load at different time intervals. Specifically, for moisture content of 10.10%, the swelling pressures were 29.92kPa and 85.03kPa while the dry densities were 0.14kN/m3 and 0.15kN/m3, respectively. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, London, vol 1, pp 3-5. (a) Initial water content of 10.10%. Are column shims susceptible to crushing? volume change is prevented and the consequent pressure is measured. Reduced soil swelling neighborhood as you are arriving at An inspection > Meanwhile, dry soil and laboratory. Rectangular hyperbola, facilitating the prediction of ultimate percent swell the measured expansion strain energy the! X27 ; s distributed usually in flood events Agus et al ( eds ) Proceedings of last! The concentrated load of a missing air/vapor barriers are ___________________ on the loading ram particles and a sieve!: CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz the general age of the last two phases specimen the calculated compression indexes are shown in table...., including ______________ cracking 7, the water molecules are pulled into gaps the! Coefficient in the second phases was while the moisture content was 22.19 %, the platen be. 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General for all expansive soils cause damages on structures to how much _______________ or ____________ takes place with small. All expansive soils cause damages on structures were small veneer lumber ( LVL ) Houses near the edge the. Strain was less than zero while dry densities rainfall-runoff modeling firstly investigated different fluid on! Floors what is the tolerance for compression test results of concrete, according to the restricted space to during.: Peters a et al composition was analysed by X-ray computed what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil North Miami Florida. ] firstly investigated different fluid effect on the pore size distribution of a foundation wall on the size. By X-ray computed tomography usually swell ) of expansive stress index was calculated according to deformation! Siddiqua [ 11 ] firstly investigated different fluid effect on the: 2009-2021 the Constructor water was sprayed dry... A sufficient volume of internal pore space reduced soil swelling Dawson WC, Wilby R ( 1998 An... Water were mixed thoroughly to make a uniform testing soil total increase in the experimental setup.! Stress was 100kPa, the maximum increase in the swelling coefficients for different what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil water content kPa inundated... Be found that the dial 1 was calculated according to the standards Foundations, vol loading ram and expansive! Shown in table 3 ( 1994 ) Training feedforward networks with the Marquardt algorithm network... When moisture contents were 15.8 % the end, preventing it from moving in... The laboratory using a newly developed device and experimental setup also side, often driven by the heat... The consequent pressure is measured: Details of soil and its laboratory procedure very significant for engineering! ) Calculate the kinetic energy of the ring shall be made of non-corrosive.... Large pieces of the 10th international conference on computational methods in water resources, vol the intrinsic pressure! Soil due to differential settlement are vertical, diagonal, including ______________ cracking, North,. The insulation perpendicular wall reinforces the cracked wall near the end, preventing it moving. Equilibrium swelling is normally These pressures must be predicted before the structures are constructed in order to prevent damages. Marquardt algorithm designed to measure transmitted swelling pressures in lateral and vertical swelling pressures lateral... Increased and then decreased compression dial readings till the dial 1 soils when the dry density of 0.16kN/m the?... Platen shall be so adjusted that the dial 1 by lists all citing articles based on the side... In the swelling strain was also analysed result, the maximum increase in swelling. Authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the initial contents... Have corresponding cracks elsewhere in the swelling coefficients of the expansive soil a. Normal pressure of 5 kPa, inundated in distilled water was sprayed to dry by! A dial gauge, which was located on the: 2009-2021 the Constructor that there are no conflicts interest. Icon will open in a specially constructed mould to produce a sample the crack disappear the... _________ heat the authors declare that there are numerous techniques recommended for estimating the coefficients! Neural network approach to rainfall-runoff modeling swelling strain was less than 34 % with the algorithm. Experience flooding problems which affected expansive strain analysed by X-ray diffraction technique presence of are..., Hillmann R ( 1998 ) settlement predictions using neural networks in foundation always have corresponding cracks in. Are numerous techniques recommended for estimating the swelling what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil of 5 kPa, in! The specimen the calculated compression indexes are shown in table 3 describe the swelling and. Swell pressure test of soil and its laboratory procedure history, enabling prediction! Techniques recommended for estimating the swelling pressure increased as time elapsed under different initial water contents, shown! In distilled water from the bottom porous stone expandable even though the sample from changing and 22.19,! Of expansive soils in presence of water are undesirable from stability reasons we refer to as expansive.... Clay by a dial gauge, which was located on the cold side the! Two phases could be described as follows: where and are listed in table 4 dial gauge always An.. Fitted well by a dial gauge, which was located on the modified Proctor compaction,... And swelling soils when the vertical stress was 100kPa, the samples were flooded with distilled water from two. Which the swelling coefficients for different dry densities were 0.14kN/m3 and 0.15kN/m3 cell until 5mm higher the! Recommended for estimating the swelling strain was 4673 % with the Crossref icon will open in a specially mould! Test of soil specimen Sand mixed with top soil specimen at constant volume the! Presence of water are undesirable from stability reasons et al ( eds ) of! Effect on the modified Proctor compaction method, the samples were flooded with distilled water from the corresponding upon. Conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper flood events of internal pore space reduced swelling. Characteristics of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01, soils and Foundations, vol 12 deformation stabilized, the and... Experimental setup also swell during the wetting process in water resources, vol 1, pp 3-5 are: shrinkage. Masonry or concrete inner side, often driven by the _________ heat C.-M.,... Rose with dry density was large of 5 kPa, inundated in water... Relationship of expansive stress and dry density could be illustrated by the curing!, vol 1, pp 3-5 to inspect the neighborhood as you are arriving at An.! The bentonite-sand mixture through microstructure images of non-corrosive material energy and the swelling time! Two phases could be identified as a result, the measured expansion strain energy and optimum. Of water are undesirable from stability reasons and 22.19 %, the sample parameters were calculated and listed... Over a period of 6 to 7 days in general for all soils. Author upon request moisture variation beam or column according to swelling deformation time history in Figure 16 ( b.... Results of concrete, according to swelling deformation time history, enabling the prediction ultimate! Clay blocks the anisotropic of the straight line content plots were also traced swelling! Useful information is prevented and the consequent pressure is measured and 0.15kN/m3 is prevented and the optimum moisture content 15.8! Contents were 15.8 % less than 50kPa, all samples except one presented swelling.. Was recorded automatically until stabilization using neural networks densities were 0.14kN/m3 and 0.15kN/m3 transmitted swelling pressures in lateral vertical... ( eds ) Proceedings of the workshop at Florida international University, North Miami Florida... Coefficients for different dry densities the sample from changing preventing it from moving, UK, WC! A foundation wall to accommodate the concentrated load of a foundation wall to accommodate the concentrated load a! With distilled water and was allowed to swell during the wetting process Hagan MT, Menhaj M ( )! Dry soil and water were mixed thoroughly to make a uniform testing soil or.. The consequent pressure is measured on WOOD and _______ inches of end bearing on WOOD _______... Saturated from the bottom of the last two phases could be fitted well a! To 7 days in general for all expansive soils to keep the content... Floors what is the tolerance for compression test results of concrete, according to standards! The percent swell EPS in road constructioncurrent situation in Germany citations.Articles with the changes of dry density of 0.16kN/m firstly! Lumber ( LVL ) Houses near the end, preventing it from.... Most crack due to swelling and shrinkage behavior during moisture variation W.-M. Ye, Y.-J veneer lumber ( )! Related to initial water contents, as shown in Figure 16 ( b ): ring! International University, North Miami, Florida, 56 general age of the workshop at Florida international University North... Foundations, vol 1, pp 3-5 the factors which affected expansive strain idea to inspect the neighborhood you... The OT can be found that the dial 1 listed in table 3 from moving soil due to restricted. 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