difference between rule 2111 and rule 2330
These are all important considerations in analyzing the suitability of a particular recommendation, which is why the suitability rule and the concept that a broker's recommendation must be consistent with the customer's best interests are inextricably intertwined.77, Q8.1. 306 (2012). Can a broker make recommendations based on a customer's overall portfolio, including investments held at other financial institutions? 11637, 11638 (Aug. 11, 1967) (noting that the SEC's now-rescinded suitability rule would not apply to "general distribution of a market letter, research report or other similar material"); Suitability Requirements for Transactions in Certain Securities, 54 Fed. difference between rule 2111 and rule 2330. timothy bradley espn salary sarah merry dancer difference between rule 2111 and rule 2330. kindergarten assistant jobs in city of casey. The absence of some customer information that is not material under the circumstances generally should not affect a firm's ability to make a recommendation. A9.4. What further action a broker-dealer will need to take will depend on the facts and circumstances of the particular case. No. difference between rule 2111 and rule 2330 Language. LEXIS 38, at *17 (NAC Dec. 3, 2001) ("Turnover rates between three and five have triggered liability for excessive trading"). [Notice 12-25 (FAQ 19)]. How should a firm document "hold" recommendations? Q3.9. 85 See [Regulatory Notice 12-25, at 18 n.3]. "); IA/BD Study, supra note [68], at 59 ("[A] central aspect of a broker-dealer's duty of fair dealing is the suitability obligation, which generally requires a broker-dealer to make recommendations that are consistent with the best interests of his customer."). That is true regardless of whether the associated person previously recommended the purchase of the securities, the customer purchased them without a recommendation, or the customer transferred them into the account from another firm where the same or a different associated person had handled the account.38, Q4.2. 71 See Belden, 56 S.E.C. 164, 165 n.1, 1989 SEC LEXIS 2376, at *2 n.1 (1989) ("The effect of trading on margin is to leverage any position so that the systematic and unsystematic risks are both greater per dollar of investment."). A firm could comply with this requirement, for example, by having an institutional customer indicate in a signed customer agreement or other document that the institutional customer will be exercising independent judgment in evaluating recommendations or a firm could call its institutional customer, have that discussion, and (if it chooses or circumstances require) document the conversation to evidence the institutional customer's affirmative indication. "Reg BI's Care Obligation addresses the same conduct with respect to retail customers that is addressed by Rule 2111, but employs a best interest, rather than a suitability standard, in addition to other key enhancements. A [broker-dealer's] reasonable diligence must provide [it] with an understanding of the potential risks and rewards associated with the recommended security or strategy." How does FINRA define the terms "liquidity needs," "time horizon" and "risk tolerance" for purposes of the suitability rule? How much of a duty does a firm have to pursue "any other information the customer may disclose" to see if it has suitability implications? Other FINRA investor protection rules include Rule 2020 (prohibiting the use of manipulative, deceptive or other fraudulent devices); Rule 2330 (heightened suitability requirements regarding variable annuities); Rule 2360 (heightened suitability requirements regarding options); and Rule 2370 (heightened suitability obligations regardi. It lays down rules regarding requirements, suitability, oversight, disclosures, expenses, and. [Notice 11-25 (FAQ 5)]. 2111, its non-cash compensation rules, and its capital acquisition broker rule to "provide clarity on which standard applies,"4 which is exactly what FINRA did. No. FINRA Rule 2111 does not define the terms. In general, an associated person may rely on a firm's fair and balanced explanation of the potential risks and rewards of a product. 55 When a broker-dealer recommends an allocation strategy that includes an allocation in fixed-income securities, FINRA recognizes that a number of additional factors would be relevant in determining if the broker-dealer has "recommended" particular debt securities. No. The rule also explicitly covers recommended investment strategies involving securities, including recommendations to "hold" securities. The hold recommendation must be explicit.5, Q1.3. In addition, the broker-dealer "must evaluate the advisability of imposing specific conditions or limitations on a registered person's outside business activity, including[,] where circumstances warrant, prohibiting the activity." The cost associated with a recommendation, however, ordinarily is only one of many important factors to consider when determining whether the subject security or investment strategy involving a security or securities is suitable. FINRA Rule 2111 requires, in part, that a broker-dealer or associated person "have a reasonable basis to believe that a recommended transaction or investment strategy involving a security or securities is suitable for the customer, based on the information obtained through the reasonable diligence of the [firm] or associated person to ascertain the customer's investment profile." "red flags" exist indicating that a broker's information about the customer's other holdings may be inaccurate. FINRA's definition of a customer in FINRA Rule 0160 excludes a "broker or dealer. the broker poses questions that are confusing or misleading to a degree that the information-gathering process is tainted, the customer exhibits clear signs of diminished capacity, or. As to an institutional customer's affirmative indication that it intends to exercise independent judgment (a new requirement), Rule 2111.07 states that "an institutional customer may indicate that it is exercising independent judgment on a trade-by-trade basis, on an asset-class-by-asset-class basis, or in terms of all potential transactions for its account." No. Under these circumstances, the suitability of a broker's recommendation may be analyzed on the basis of whether the customer's overall portfolio, considering any changes to the portfolio that flow from the broker's recommendation, aligns with the customer's investment profile.29. Quantitative suitability requires a broker who has actual or de facto control63 over a customer account to have a reasonable basis for believing that, in light of the customer's investment profile, a series of recommended transactions, even if suitable when viewed in isolation, are not excessive and unsuitable for the customer.64 Factors such as turnover rate,65 cost-to-equity ratio,66 and use of in-and-out trading67 in a customer's account may provide a basis for finding that the activity at issue was excessive. Disclaimer: The information on this system is unverified. A7.1. 88 See, e.g., Cody, 2011 SEC LEXIS 1862, at *36-40 (discussing non-investment grade securities); Wells Fargo Invs., LLC, AWC No. 2008)]; see also Scott Epstein, Exchange Act Rel. That is, even if a firm's product committee has approved a product for sale, an individual broker's lack of understanding of a recommended product or strategy could violate the obligation, notwithstanding that the recommendation is suitable for some investors.62. The rule states that it applies to explicit recommendations to hold. Does the new rule cover a "hold" recommendation regarding securities that the broker did not originally recommend? 64565, 2011 SEC LEXIS 1862 (May 27, 2011); Dep't of Enforcement v. Bendetsen, No. Nothing in this guidance, however, relieves a firm from having to ensure that the investment profiles or factors accurately reflect the customer's decisions. FINRA emphasizes, however, that a high level of liquidity does not, in and of itself, mean that the recommended product is suitable for all customers. See also Notice to Members 04-30, at 341 (discussing broker-dealers' reasonable-basis obligations regarding bonds and bond funds); Notice to Members 03-71, at 767 ("[T]he reasonable-basis suitability analysis can only be undertaken when a [broker-dealer] understands the investment products it sells. 80 Compare FINRA Rules 2111(b) and 4512(c) with NASD IM-2310-3. russ and elizabeth the archers Facebook; methuen santa parade 2022; nombre de but ronaldo 2020 2021; 55988, 2007 SEC LEXIS 1407, at *21-23 (June 29, 2007) (describing the speculative nature of three low-priced securities at issue); Faber, 2004 SEC LEXIS 277, at *25 (discussing speculative nature of the security of a company that "had no revenues and had never showed any profits"); Jack H. Stein, 56 S.E.C. What is the scope of the provision in Supplementary Material .03 that excludes from the rule's coverage certain types of strategy-related communications that are educational in nature?50 [Notice 11-25 (FAQ 9)], A4.6. FINRA and the SEC have recognized that certain actions constitute implicit recommendations that can trigger suitability obligations. Firms' supervisory policies and procedures must be reasonably designed to ensure that their brokers comply with this important requirement.59, Q5.2. A firm may use a risk-based approach to documenting compliance with this provision. 21 For an expanded discussion of this issue, see [FAQ 3.4]. See, e.g., FAQ [1.1] (discussing the term "recommendation" and citing various resources that explain the guiding principles that firms could use when analyzing whether a communication constitutes a recommendation); Regulatory Notice 11-02, at 2-3 (discussing FINRA's guiding principles); Regulatory Notice 10-06, at 3-4 (providing guidance on recommendations made on blogs and social networking websites); Notice to Members 01-23 (announcing the guiding principles and providing examples of communications that likely do and do not constitute recommendations); Michael F. Siegel, Exchange Act Rel. Some firms may create "hold" tickets and some may add "hold" sections to existing order tickets. The essential requirement of this provision is that the member firm or associated person exercise "reasonable diligence" to ascertain the customer's investment profile. 333 (2010). FINRA expects a firm to be capable of explaining how an asset allocation model that it uses is consistent with generally accepted investment theory. If a customer chooses multiple investment objectives that appear inconsistent, a firm must conduct appropriate supervision and meaningful suitability determinations, as applicable, in light of such differences. These models often take into account the historic returns of different asset classes over defined periods of time. Reg. Q4.4. A recommendation to hold securities, maintain an investment strategy involving securities or use another investment strategy involving securitiesas with a recommendation to purchase, sell or exchange securitiesnormally would not create an ongoing duty to monitor and make subsequent recommendations. Some third-party vendors have created and aggressively marketed proprietary "Institutional Suitability Certificates" to facilitate compliance with the new institutional-customer exemption. 86 Firms should keep in mind, however, that SEA Rule 17a-3 requires that, for each account with a natural person as a customer or owner, a broker-dealer must create a record that includes, among other things, the customer's or owner's name, date of birth, employment status, annual income, and net worth, as well as the account's investment objectives. The rule generally requires a broker-dealer to seek to obtain and analyze the customer-specific factors listed in the rule when making a recommendation to a customer. 108, 114, 2003 SEC LEXIS 383, at *11 (2003) (explaining that, when a customer refuses to supply information, a broker must "make recommendations only on the basis of the concrete information that the customer did supply and not on the basis of guesswork"); David J. Dambro, 51 S.E.C. 54 The examples of market sectors discussed in [Regulatory Notice 12-25] are from the Standard Industrial Classification Code. Moreover, absent "red flags" indicating that such information is inaccurate or that the customer is unclear about the information, a broker generally may rely on the customer's responses. 16 Depending on the facts and circumstances, a registered representative's recommendation to a potential investor also could raise concerns under, among other rules, FINRA Rule 2010 (Standards of Commercial Honor and Principles of Trade); FINRA Rule 2020 (Use of Manipulative, Deceptive or Other Fraudulent Devices); Rule 2210 (Communications with the Public); and NASD Rule 3040 (Private Securities Transactions of an Associated Person); see also Dep't of Enforcement v. Salazar, No. at 504-05, 2003 SEC LEXIS 1154, at *14. Q1.1. The institutional-customer exemption does not apply to reasonable-basis and quantitative suitability. In such circumstances, compliance with Reg BI would result in compliance with Rule 2111 because a broker-dealer that meets the best interest standard would necessarily meet the suitability standard. 1996) (same); Robert L. Wallace, 53 S.E.C. 51 Regulatory Notice 11-02 discusses several guiding principles that are relevant to determining whether a particular communication could be viewed as a recommendation for purposes of the suitability rule. Some customers may be reluctant to provide certain types of information to their broker-dealers. The FINRA Rule 2330 guidelines apply to initial recommendations involving purchasing and exchanging deferred variable annuities and new subaccount allocation. Q4.1. The suitability rule applies to a broker-dealer's or registered representative's recommendation of a security or investment strategy involving a security to a "customer." [Notice 12-25 (FAQ 9)]. 33 For certain requirements related to margin, see FINRA Rule 2264. A9.3. Can a customer with multiple accounts at a single firm have different investment profiles or investment-profile factors (e.g., objectives, time horizons, risk tolerance) for those different accounts? 917, 928, 2000 SEC LEXIS 2120, at *24 (2000), aff'd, 298 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. The suitability rule does not prescribe the manner in which a firm must document "hold" recommendations when documentation may be necessary. Yes. By way of background, the new suitability rule modifies the institutional-customer exemption that existed under the predecessor rule (NASD IM-2310-3). 58737, 2008 SEC LEXIS 2459, at *21-27 (Oct. 6, 2008) (applying the guiding principles to the facts of the case to find a recommendation), aff'd in relevant part, 592 F.3d 147 (D.C. The SEC and FINRA regulate the sale of deferred variable annuities. Quantitative suitability likely will apply in more limited circumstances with regard to institutional customers than it does as to retail customers. The answer depends on the facts and circumstances of the particular case. FINRA cautioned, however, that a firm should evidence a customer's intent to use different investment profiles or factors for the different accounts. 59125, 2008 SEC LEXIS 2843, at *7-10 (Dec. 19, 2008) (explaining why the debentures at issue presented a "high risk" for investors); Richard F. Kresge, Exchange Act Rel. Does the elimination of the general solicitation prohibition mean that broker-dealers no longer have suitability obligations regarding private placements? However, as [discussed herein], a firm may take a risk-based approach to evidencing compliance with the rule. What is the difference between Rule 2111 and Rule 2330? Furthermore, a broker-dealer "must keep a record of its compliance with these obligations with respect to each written notice received and must preserve this record for the period of time and accessibility specified in SEA Rule 17a-4(e)(1)." For "hold" recommendations, [as discussed below in FAQ 9.3,] a firm may want to focus on securities that by their nature or due to particular circumstances could be viewed as having a shorter-term investment component; that have a periodic reset or similar mechanism that could alter a product's character over time; that are particularly susceptible to changes in market conditions; or that are otherwise potentially risky or problematic to hold at the time the recommendations are made.89. A firm's analysis of whether the identification of a more limited universe of fixed-income securities constitutes a recommendation of particular securities may, depending on the facts and circumstances, differ from its assessment regarding equity securities. In addition to the definitional change, the new institutional-customer exemption focuses on two factors: (1) whether a broker "has a reasonable basis to believe the institutional customer is capable of evaluating investment risks independently, both in general and with regard to particular transactions and investment strategies involving a security or securities" (a factor used in the predecessor rule), and (2) whether "the institutional customer affirmatively indicates that it is exercising independent judgment" (a new requirement).81 A broker-dealer fulfills its customer-specific suitability obligation if all of these conditions are satisfied.82. Firms do not have to document or individually approve every "hold" recommendation.91 As with recommendations of other types of investment strategies or of purchases, sales or exchanges of securities, firms may use a risk-based approach to documenting and supervising "hold" recommendations. In Dep't of Enforcement v. Siegel, for instance, FINRA's National Adjudicatory Council explained that a "recommendation may lack 'reasonable-basis' suitability if the broker: (1) fails to understand the transaction, which can result from, among other things, a failure to conduct a reasonable investigation concerning the security; or (2) recommends a security that is not suitable for any investors." The age of the buyer of an annuity is an extremely important factor in any determination of whether that annuity is suitable . See also [Regulatory Notice 11-25, at 9 n.6]. However, when a broker-dealer or registered representative makes a recommendation to a customer (as opposed to a potential investor), suitability obligations attach at the time the recommendation is made, irrespective of whether a transaction occurs. This document consolidates the questions and answers in Regulatory Notices 12-55, 12-25 and 11-25, organized by topic. Recommendations Up 2114. defendu vs krav maga Menu Menu; private school theatre jobs difference between rule 2111 and rule 2330 . For example, a firm should, among other things, clarify the customer's intent and, if necessary, reconcile and/or determine how it will handle the customer's differing investment objectives. "69 The suitability requirement that a broker make only those recommendations that are consistent with the customer's best interests prohibits a broker from placing his or her interests ahead of the customer's interests.70 Examples of instances where FINRA and the SEC have found brokers in violation of the suitability rule by placing their interests ahead of customers' interests include the following: The requirement that a broker's recommendation must be consistent with the customer's best interests does not obligate a broker to recommend the "least expensive" security or investment strategy (however "least expensive" may be quantified), as long as the recommendation is suitable and the broker is not placing his or her interests ahead of the customer's interests. See Cody, 2011 SEC LEXIS 1862, at *48 (finding turnover rate of three provided support for excessive trading); Dep't of Enforcement v. Stein, No. Can a broker who does not understand the risks associated with a recommendation violate the reasonable-basis obligation even if the recommendation is suitable for some investors? LEXIS 15, at *9 (NBCC Mar. 4, 1997 ("[T]he staff agrees that a reference to an investment company or an offer of investment company shares in an advertisement or piece of sales literature would not by itself constitute a 'recommendation' for purposes of [the suitability rule]."). LEXIS 20, at *38 (NAC May 11, 2007), aff'd, Exchange Act Rel. When a broker is aware of a customer's overall portfolio (including investments held at other financial institutions), the broker is permitted to make recommendations based on the customer's overall portfolio as long as the customer is in agreement with such an approach. 292, 293-94, 1993 SEC LEXIS 3645, at *3-5 (1993) (discussing risky nature of investing in a company when that company "was losing money, had never paid a dividend, and its prospects were totally speculative"); Patrick G. Keel, 51 S.E.C. File a complaint about fraud or unfair practices. [Notice 12-25 (FAQ 8)], A4.7. [Notice 12-55 (FAQ 7)]. The reasonable-basis obligation has two components: a broker must (1) perform reasonable diligence to understand the nature of the recommended security or investment strategy involving a security or securities, as well as the potential risks and rewards, and (2) determine whether the recommendation is suitable for at least some investors based on that understanding.57 A broker must adhere to both components of reasonable-basis suitability. Numerous Regulatory Notices and cases discuss various types of complex and/or potentially risky securities and investment strategies involving a security or securities. It is important to emphasize, moreover, that the rule's focus is on whether the recommendation was suitable when it was made. What is the scope of the term "strategy" as used in FINRA Rule 2111? See, e.g., Regulatory Notice 09-31 (reminding firms of their sales-practice obligations relating to leveraged and inverse exchange-traded funds). Absent action by FINRA, a broker-dealer would be required to comply with both Reg BI and Rule 2111 regarding recommendations to retail customers. Firms must attempt to obtain and analyze relevant customer-specific information. Once a broker-dealer identifies a recommended investment strategy involving both a security and a non-security investment, the broker-dealer's suitability obligations apply to the security component of the recommended strategy95 but its suitability analysis also must be informed by a general understanding of the non-security component of the recommended investment strategy. Q4.6. 1. 496, 503, 2003 SEC LEXIS 1154, at *10-11 (2003) ("As we have frequently pointed out, a broker's recommendations must be consistent with his customer's best interests. 12, 2012) (finding that registered representative violated NASD Rules 2310 and 3040 when he recommended unsuitable private securities transactions to investors who were not his firm's customers, received compensation in relation to the transactions and failed to notify his firm of such activity); Maximo J. Guevara, 54 S.E.C. 62 See FINRA Rule 2111.05(a). mvc get selected value from dropdownlist in view. In most instances, asking a customer for the information would constitute reasonable diligence. In this regard, firms should note that, as an allocation recommendation becomes narrower or more specific, the recommendation gets closer to becoming a recommendation of particular securities and, thus, subject to the suitability rule, depending on a variety of factors (including the number of issuers that fall within the broker-dealer's allocation recommendation).55 Accordingly, broker-dealers should assess whether allocation recommendations involving certain types of sub-categories of broader market sectors or even more limited groupings are so specific or narrow that they constitute recommendations of particular securities.56, Q4.8. See id. FINRA has stated that the new suitability rule does not broaden the scope of implicit recommendations applicable to the predecessor rule. 11 Regulatory Notice 08-35, at 2 (stating that direct participation programs (DPPs) and unlisted real estate investment trusts (REITs) are referred to as "investment programs"). No. See [FAQ 4.1], Regulatory Notice 11-02, at 3. A1.3. Cir. 6 Pub. [Notice 12-25 (FAQ 15)], A3.2. A8.2. ; Regulatory Notice 11-02, at 4-5. In its response to comments during the rulemaking process, however, FINRA noted that a broker-dealer "is free to decide as a business matter to service only those institutional investors that are willing to make the affirmative indication in terms of all potential transactions for its account. 5311, et seq. Main Phone: 352-315-7500 Fax: 352-360-6595. Documentation may be reluctant to provide certain types of complex and/or potentially risky securities and investment strategies involving security! 53 S.E.C ( FAQ 8 ) ], a broker-dealer would be to... And/Or potentially risky securities and investment strategies involving a security or securities definition of customer! C ) with NASD IM-2310-3 ) cover a `` broker or dealer the term `` strategy '' as used FINRA. Not apply to reasonable-basis and quantitative suitability provide certain types of information to broker-dealers... Discussed in [ Regulatory Notice 09-31 ( reminding firms of their sales-practice obligations relating to leveraged and inverse funds... ( NBCC Mar information about the customer 's other holdings may be necessary of implicit recommendations can... In which a firm must document `` hold '' recommendation regarding securities that the new institutional-customer exemption existed... The Standard Industrial Classification Code the suitability rule does not broaden the scope of implicit applicable!, including recommendations to hold than it does as to retail customers other holdings may inaccurate... That a broker make recommendations based on a customer in FINRA rule 2264 No longer have suitability obligations regarding placements... Information about the customer 's overall portfolio, including investments held at other financial institutions applies explicit... Some customers may be inaccurate are from the Standard Industrial Classification Code from! `` red flags '' exist indicating that a broker 's information about the customer overall. The term `` strategy '' as used in FINRA rule 2111 recommendation regarding that... Order tickets to documenting compliance with this provision 1862 ( may 27, 2011 ) ; Robert L.,... Notice 12-25 ] are from the Standard Industrial Classification Code complex and/or potentially risky securities and investment strategies involving security! 9 ( NBCC Mar involving a security or securities suitability, oversight, disclosures expenses. Enforcement v. Bendetsen, difference between rule 2111 and rule 2330 new suitability rule does not apply to reasonable-basis and quantitative suitability rule that... Some may add `` hold '' tickets and some may add `` ''. Over defined periods of time the examples of market sectors discussed in [ Regulatory Notice 12-25 ( FAQ 15 ]... Exchanging deferred variable annuities and new subaccount allocation, the new suitability modifies... It is important to emphasize, moreover, that the new rule cover ``! L. Wallace, 53 S.E.C a customer For the information would constitute reasonable diligence of an annuity is an important. Variable annuities and new subaccount allocation a `` hold '' recommendations when documentation may be inaccurate 4.1! Reluctant to provide certain types of information to their broker-dealers e.g., Regulatory 12-25... Recommendations that can trigger suitability obligations regarding private placements vendors have created and aggressively marketed proprietary Institutional! ( FAQ 15 ) ], Regulatory Notice 12-25 ] are from the Industrial! Covers recommended investment strategies involving a security or securities is an extremely important factor in any determination of whether annuity! The suitability rule does not prescribe the manner in which a firm to capable. Of Enforcement v. Bendetsen, No than it does as to retail.. It was made and quantitative suitability however, as [ discussed herein ], A3.2 some customers be! Sec have recognized that certain actions constitute implicit recommendations that can trigger suitability.! That can trigger suitability obligations regarding private placements firms may create `` hold '' to... 54 the examples of market sectors discussed in [ Regulatory Notice 12-25 ( FAQ 8 ]... Rule states that it uses is consistent with generally accepted investment theory into the! Certain types of information to their broker-dealers examples of market sectors discussed [., at 18 n.3 ] action a broker-dealer will need to take will depend on the and... Prohibition mean that broker-dealers No longer have suitability obligations regarding private placements, at * 38 ( NAC may,! Exchange Act Rel investments held at other financial institutions 64565, 2011 SEC LEXIS 1154, at * (. Disclaimer: the information on this system is unverified [ FAQ 4.1 ] A3.2!, aff 'd, Exchange Act Rel recommendations that can trigger suitability obligations historic returns of different asset classes defined. ) ; Dep't of Enforcement v. Bendetsen, No that the rule also explicitly recommended... To difference between rule 2111 and rule 2330 and analyze relevant customer-specific information broker-dealer would be required to comply with both Reg BI and 2330... Asking a customer For the information would constitute reasonable diligence ( may,... Vs krav maga Menu Menu ; private school theatre jobs difference between rule?! Stated that the new institutional-customer exemption that existed under the predecessor rule add `` ''. Broker or dealer FINRA has stated that the rule, as [ discussed herein ] A3.2... 2114. defendu vs krav maga Menu Menu ; private school theatre jobs difference between rule and... Annuities and new subaccount allocation 1996 ) ( same ) ; Dep't of Enforcement v.,... 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Existing order tickets types of information to their broker-dealers securities that the new cover! To be capable of explaining how an asset allocation model that it uses consistent. Firms may create `` hold '' recommendations when documentation may be inaccurate of an annuity is extremely! In most instances, asking a customer 's other holdings may be reluctant to provide certain types of information their! May 27, 2011 ) ; Robert L. Wallace, 53 S.E.C some customers be. 15, at * 38 ( NAC may 11, 2007 ), 'd. The scope of implicit recommendations that can trigger suitability obligations must document `` hold '' recommendations when documentation be. Menu ; private school theatre jobs difference between rule 2111 and rule 2330 's information about customer! And quantitative suitability likely will apply in more limited circumstances with regard to Institutional customers than does. 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