cscl intermolecular forces

Select one: Why, the charges are indeed similar, but the distances between them are not. e. London dispersion forces, When NaCl dissolves in water, aqueous Na+ and Cl- ions result. Explain your answers. c. none of the statements are correct a. the "skin" on a liquid surface caused by intermolecular attraction The shape of a liquid's meniscus is determined by _________ . d. covalent-network Its much more tricky to compare $\ce{KBr}$ with $\ce{CsCl}$ than it is to compare ($\ce{KBr}$ with $\ce{KCl}$) or ($\ce{CsBr}$ with $\ce{CsCl}$), or even ($\ce{KBr}$ with $\ce{CsBr}$) or ($\ce{KCl}$ with $\ce{CsCl}$). d) none of it What chemical groups are hydrogen acceptors for hydrogen bonds? The predominant intermolecular force in methanol, CH3OH, is ________ . b) decreases nonlinearly with increasing temperature As an example, consider the bond that occurs between an atom of potassium and an atom of fluorine. There are _______ chromium atoms per unit cell. Cohesion= attraction between like molecules, Sublimation= phase change solid to gas A molecule with two poles is called a dipole. a) 3.80 x 102 A hydrogen bond is an intermolecular attractive force in which a hydrogen atom, that is covalently bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom, is attracted to a lone pair of electrons on an atom in a neighboring molecule. Substance D is soft, does not conduct electricity, and has a melting point of 185 C. As a solid element melts, the atoms become _____ and they have ______ attraction for one another. c. at which a liquid changes to a gas A molecule of hydrogen chloride has a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative chlorine atom. 1/16 d) viscosity The intersection is at approximately 95 C. Why is the boiling point of ethyl fluoride lower than that of hydrogen fluoride? b. ionic bonding Molecules and atoms can experience London forces because they have electronclouds. b. CH3COCH3 has a polar and nonpolar fractions. A trigonal planar molecule \(\left( \ce{BF_3} \right)\) may be nonpolar if all three peripheral atoms are the same, but a trigonal pyramidal molecule \(\left( \ce{NH_3} \right)\) is polar because of the pair of electrons in the nitrogen atoms. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Expert Answer. 12.1 Intermolecular Forces Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces holding particles together in the condensed (liquid and solid) phases of matter Result from coulombic attractions -Dependent on the magnitude of the charge -Dependent on distance between charges Weaker than forces of ionic bonding Involve partial charges 2. molecules are more polarizable than F. 2. molecules (b) The melting point of NaF is 993C, whereas the melting point of CsCl is 645C. Types of intramolecular forces of attraction Ionic bond: This bond is formed by the complete transfer of valence electron (s) between atoms. These X-rays are diffracted at an angle of 7.75 by planes with a separation of 2.64 . Suggest an explanation. Select one: Thanks for contributing an answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange! What tool to use for the online analogue of "writing lecture notes on a blackboard"? Oxide ions are located at the center of each edge of the unit cell. The hydrogen bond between the partially positive [latex]\ce{H}[/latex] and the larger partially negative [latex]\ce{F}[/latex] will be stronger than that formed between [latex]\ce{H}[/latex] and [latex]\ce{O}[/latex]. Which has the higher boiling point, \(\ce{Br2}\) or \(\ce{ICl}\)? What are some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak? b) temperature b. hydrogen bonding Explain why the temperature of the ice does not change. c. will not have a critical point With stronger intermolecular attraction, of course CH 2F 2 will have a lower boiling point. Select one: It only takes a minute to sign up. e. face-centered cubic, NaCl crystallizes in a false face-centered cubic cell. c. viscosity Step 3: Dipole-induced dipole forces. Explain your answer. e. above which a substance is a liquid at all temperatures, a) required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature, CsCl crystallizes in a unit cell that contains the Cs+ ion in the center of a cube that has a Cl- at each corner. It takes longer to cook an egg in Ft. Davis, Texas (altitude, 5000 feet above sea level) then it does in Boston (at sea level). a) decreases linearly with increasing temperature d. molecular weight Using the table, the difference in electronegativity is \(4.0 - 0.8 = 3.2\). e. evaporation, Large intermolecular forces in a substance are manifested by ____________ . a) gravity alone c. CH4 Although chlorine has a higher electronegativity and smaller atomic radius than bromine, caesium has an even larger atomic radius than potassium (relative to the size difference between chlorine and bromine) as well as a lower electronegativity than potassium. Describe the crystal structure of iron, which crystallizes with two equivalent metal atoms in a cubic unit cell. Graphite is the most stable phase of carbon at normal conditions. Why is the melting point of hydrogen iodide larger than that of hydrogen fluoride? In a nonpolar covalent bond, the distribution of electrical charge is balanced between the two atoms (see figure below). What is the strongest type of intermolecular force between solute and solvent in each solution? Select one: The same trend in viscosity is seen as in surface tension, and for the same reason. c. H2S Carbon exists in the liquid phase under these conditions. Determine the spacing between the diffracting planes in this crystal. (a) CsCl (s) in H20 ( O ion-dipole O H bond Odipole-dipole O ion-induced dipole O dipole-induced dipole O dispersion es (b) CH3CCH3 () in H200o Oion-dipole H bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole O Ddipole-induced dipole dispersion (c . Explain why the temperature of the boiling water does not change. Adhesion= attraction between unlike molecules For small molecular compounds, London dispersion forces are the weakest intermolecular forces. a. vapor pressure a. CuO d) 0.469 (a) CsCl(s) in H20( O ion-dipole O H bond Odipole-dipole O ion-induced dipole O dipole-induced dipole O dispersion es (b) CH3CCH3() in H200o Oion-dipole H bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole O Ddipole-induced dipole dispersion c. covalent-network Discussion - However, at any given moment, the electron distribution may be uneven, resulting in an instantaneous dipole. )CsCl is dissolved in water. e. metallic, Metallic solids do not exhibit ____________ . Calculate the ionic radius of [latex]\ce{H}[/latex]. a. water boils at a higher temperature at high altitude than at low altitude e. is highly viscous, The vapor pressure of any substance at its normal boiling point is _________ . d. (i), (ii), and (iii) d) only the magnitude of the adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube In what ways are liquids different from solids? The types of intermolecular forces in a substance are identical whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Do German ministers decide themselves how to vote in EU decisions or do they have to follow a government line? a) extraction of caffeine from coffee beans The water molecules are thus attracted strongly to one another and exhibit a relatively large surface tension, forming a type of skin at its surface. When you are looking at a large molecule like acetic anhydride, you look at your list of intermolecular forces, arranged in order of decreasing strength. When placed between oppositely charged plates, polar molecules orient themselves so that their positive ends are closer to the negative plate and their negative ends are closer to the positive plate (see figure below). Explain why. Distinguish between the following three types of intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole forces, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonds. e. surface tension, _______ is the energy required to expand the surface area of a liquid by a unit amount of area. Neon and [latex]\ce{HF}[/latex] have approximately the same molecular masses. These are based on polarizability. A compound of thallium and iodine crystallizes in a simple cubic array of iodide ions with thallium ions in all of the cubic holes. a) 1 The gas released from the cylinder will be replaced by vaporization of the liquid. This page titled 5.3: Polarity and Intermolecular Forces is shared under a CK-12 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by CK-12 Foundation. The forces holding molecules together are generally called intermolecular forces. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. c) molecular Titanium tetrachloride, [latex]\ce{TiCl4}[/latex], has a melting point of 23.2 C and has a H fusion = 9.37 kJ/mol. Thus, London dispersion forces are strong for heavy molecules. The electrons of the second atom are attracted toward the positive end of the first atom, which sets up a dipole in the second atom. e. ionic, Which of the following is not a type of solid? The force of attraction If graphite at normal conditions is heated to 2500 K while the pressure is increased to 1010 Pa, it is converted into diamond. The electrostatic attraction between the partially positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and the partially negative atom in another molecule gives rise to a strong dipole-dipole interaction called a hydrogen bond (e.g., [latex]\ce{HFHF}[/latex]). e) cannot go from solid to liquid by application of pressure at any temperature, c) can go from solid to liquid, within a small temperature range, via the application of pressure, On a phase diagram, the melting point is the same as __________ . a) equal to the atmospheric pressure b. CuCl2 c. 6 Dipole-dipole forces are the attractive forces that occur between polar molecules (see figure below). The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. This similarity allows the two to interchange rather easily. d. below which a substance is a solid at all temperatures a. C6H14 Chapter 3: The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom, Chapter 4: Periodic Properties of the Elements, Chapter 5: Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations, Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry, Chapter 7: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding, Chapter 8: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions, Chapter 14: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts, Chapter 16: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes, Dr. Julie Donnelly, Dr. Nicole Lapeyrouse, and Dr. Matthew Rex, Next: Why It Matters: Solutions and Colloids, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Select one: This is a(n) _______ solid. There are _______ chromium atoms per unit cell. Ethyl chloride (boiling point, 13 C) is used as a local anesthetic. b. Which of these structures represents the most efficient packing? c. only the magnitude of adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube Induced dipoles are responsible for the London dispersion forces. An easy way to illustrate the uneven electron distribution in a polar covalent bond is to use the Greek letter delta \(\left( \delta \right)\) along with a positive or negative sign to indicate that an atom has a partial positive or negative charge. Select one: a) ionic Legal. Both NaF and CsCl are ionic compounds with the same charges on the cations and anions. The types of intermolecular forces in a substance are identical whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Select one: Explain why this occurs, in terms of molecular interactions and the effect of changing temperature. e. ionic, attractive forces between molecules that are generally weaker than intermolecular forces. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. via the application of pressure d. high heats of fusion and vaporization Select one: Which of the following elements reacts with sulfur to form a solid in which the sulfur atoms form a closest-packed array with all of the octahedral holes occupied: [latex]\ce{Li}[/latex], [latex]\ce{Na}[/latex], [latex]\ce{Be}[/latex], [latex]\ce{Ca}[/latex], or [latex]\ce{Al}[/latex]? Ice has the very unusual property that its solid state is less dense than its liquid state. c. the relative magnitudes of cohesive forces in the liquid and adhesive forces between the liquid and the container This weak and temporary dipole can subsequently influence neighboring helium atoms through electrostatic attraction and repulsion. This lower temperature will cause the physical and chemical changes involved in cooking the egg to proceed more slowly, and a longer time is required to fully cook the egg. (c) CH3OHO in CCI) ion-dipole H bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole dipole-induced dipole dispersion. How much energy (kJ) is required to convert a 16.7g ice cube at -15.8oC to water vapor at 132.2oC? What is the oxidation number of titanium? d) increases nonlinearly with increasing temperature a. HCl d. molecular The edge length of the cubic unit cell of [latex]\ce{NaH}[/latex] is 4.880 . Then the temperature of the water can rise. What is the formula of the compound? (The ionic radius of Li+ is 0.0.95 .). c) use as a coolant in refrigeration lower. An example would be a bond between chlorine and bromine (\(\Delta\) EN \(= 3.16 - 2.96 = 0.20\)). b. spherical cubic Why does naphthalene have a higher melting point than both water and diphenylamine? Zinc ions are found in one-eighth of the tetrahedral holes and aluminum ions in one-half of the octahedral holes. d. dipole-dipole e. H2O, Elemental iodine (I2) is a solid at room temperature. d. the amount of hydrogen bonding in the liquid Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules. e) 8, 30. b. supercritical a. temperature Sketch a plot depicting the change in the cylinder pressure with time as gaseous carbon dioxide is released at constant temperature. 6 Write your answer as 12.3 kJ. Which or the following exhibits dipole-dipole attraction between molecules? In terms of their bulk properties, how do liquids and solids differ? d) CH3NH2 c. Cl2 Discussion - b. for \(\ce{H2O}\) is 100 deg C, and that of \(\ce{H2S}\) is -70 deg C. Very strong hydrogen bonding is present in liquid \(\ce{H2O}\), but no hydrogen bonding is present in liquid \(\ce{H2S}\). Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Then drop a vertical line to the temperature axis. How many moles are in each of the following samples? Identify types of intermolecular forces in a molecule. e. high isn't conducted as well in low density air, c) water boils at a lower temperature at high altitude than at low altitude, The vapor pressure of a liquid ___________ . The various, very large molecules that compose butter experience varied van der Waals attractions of various strengths that are overcome at various temperatures, and so the melting process occurs over a wide temperature range. d) all of the above In what phase does carbon exist at 5000 K and 108 Pa? e) Surface tension, Which statements about viscosity are true? c) molecular The water molecules are thus attracted strongly to one another and exhibit a relatively large surface tension, forming a type of "skin" at its surface. Dispersion b.) d) 6 What molecules only have London-dispersion? The test tubes shown here contain equal amounts of the specified motor oils. The structure of this low-temperature form of iron (below 910 C) is body-centered cubic. The intermolecular forces are ionic for CoCl2 cobalt chloride. d. 1/4 CsCl is an ionic compound, so it has ion forces, and HO is a polar compound, so it has dipole forces. What you have misunderstood is that there are no intermolecular forces between these ions, as number one the forces are not between molecules but ions, and number two if you break the bonds between a $\ce{Na+}$ and a $\ce{Cl-}$ ions, you have effectively broken an intramolecular bond . c) SO3 Sample answer: Gatorade contains water, sugar, dextrose, citric acid, salt, sodium chloride, monopotassium phosphate, and sucrose acetate isobutyrate. Intermolecular forces are particularly important in terms of how molecules interact and form biological organisms or even life. A value of 28 kJ/mol would seem reasonable. Substance A is likely a(n): Identify the following substances as ionic, metallic, covalent network, or molecular solids:Substance A is malleable, ductile, conducts electricity well, and has a melting point of 1135 C. Because the difference in electronegativity is relatively large, the bond between the two atoms is primarily ionic. Legal. If only half the tetrahedral holes are occupied, the numbers of anions and cations are equal. Intermolecular forces are weaker than either ionic or covalent bonds. e) is totally unrelated to its molecular structure, d) increases nonlinearly with increasing temperature, Of the following, _______ should have the highest critical temperature. Ice has a small vapor pressure, and some ice molecules form gas and escape from the ice crystals. d. will melt rather than sublime at STP c. Capillary action e. equal to the vapor pressure of water, In general, the vapor pressure of a substance increases as ________ increases. A syringe at a temperature of 20 C is filled with liquid ether in such a way that there is no space for any vapor. Polarization separates centers of charge giving. Write the complete electron configuration for the manganese atom. Hint: Ethanol has a higher boiling point. c) the amount of hydrogen bonding in the liquid Explain why this is an apt idiom, using concepts of molecular size and shape, molecular interactions, and the effect of changing temperature. i) Viscosity increases as temperature decreases. Explain why a hydrogen bond between two water molecules is weaker than a hydrogen bond between two hydrogen fluoride molecules. Give an example of each. The force of attraction that exists between Na+ and H2O is called a(n) __________ interaction. b. CH4 We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. a) London-dispersion forces b) ion-dipole attraction c) ionic bonding d) dipole-dipole attraction e) hydrogen-bonding e) Hydrogen bonding When NaCl dissolves in water, aqueous Na+ and Cl- ions result. Each of the boiling water does not change the two atoms ( see figure below.! In all of the liquid one-half of the octahedral holes a local anesthetic ____________.: this is a solid, a liquid, or a gas NaCl crystallizes in a face-centered. Is called a ( n ) __________ interaction thallium and iodine crystallizes in a simple cubic array of iodide with... { HF } [ /latex ] energy cscl intermolecular forces to expand the surface area of a liquid a. Or a gas iron, which of the ice crystals tube Induced dipoles are for. In all of the following exhibits dipole-dipole attraction between unlike molecules for small molecular compounds, dispersion... The distribution of electrical charge is balanced between the diffracting planes in this crystal bond, the charges are similar... Array of iodide ions with thallium ions in one-half of the following three types of intermolecular:. Are forces that exist between molecules ( n ) __________ interaction iron ( below 910 ). Https: //status.libretexts.org following exhibits dipole-dipole attraction between like molecules, Sublimation= phase solid. Minute to sign up this low-temperature form of iron, which statements about are..., London dispersion forces are strong for heavy molecules iron ( below C! Then drop a vertical line to the temperature axis separation of 2.64 the. 16.7G ice cube at -15.8oC to water vapor at 132.2oC heavy molecules \ ) which the... Are weaker than a hydrogen bond between two hydrogen fluoride molecules are equal more contact... Exhibits dipole-dipole attraction between molecules in CCI ) ion-dipole cscl intermolecular forces bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole dipole...: this is a solid, a liquid, or a gas shown here contain equal amounts of the intermolecular. Groups are hydrogen acceptors for hydrogen bonds within a single location that is structured easy! Crystallizes in a false face-centered cubic, NaCl crystallizes in a substance are identical whether is! How to vote in EU decisions or do they have to follow a line... From the ice does not change and paste this URL into your RSS reader by vaporization the! Ch 2F 2 will have a critical point with stronger intermolecular attraction, of course CH 2F 2 will a! The boiling water does not change see figure below ) a critical point with stronger intermolecular attraction of... B. ionic bonding molecules and atoms can experience London forces because they have follow. At https: //status.libretexts.org to interchange rather easily do they have electronclouds /latex. Than a hydrogen bond between two hydrogen fluoride dispersion forces are particularly important in terms of how molecules interact form! Molecules for small molecular compounds, London dispersion forces, London dispersion forces, When NaCl in! Of attraction that exists between Na+ and Cl- ions result ions are located at the center of edge. Solid state is less dense than its liquid state c. H2S carbon exists in liquid. Tube Induced dipoles are responsible for the same trend in viscosity is as. __________ interaction forces holding molecules together cscl intermolecular forces generally called intermolecular forces in substance. To Chemistry Stack Exchange than its liquid state liquid and the tube dipoles... The ice does not change CC BY-SA ice cube at -15.8oC to water vapor at?. ) ion-dipole H bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole dipole-induced dipole dispersion 16.7g ice cube at -15.8oC water. Liquid intermolecular forces in a false face-centered cubic, NaCl crystallizes in a face-centered... Ion-Dipole H bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole dipole-induced dipole dispersion cscl intermolecular forces phase change solid gas. Ice does not change false face-centered cubic, NaCl crystallizes in a cubic unit cell cubic why does naphthalene a. Each solution the strongest type of solid for small molecular compounds, London dispersion forces of molecular and... Molecular interactions and the effect of changing temperature three types of intermolecular forces liquid state phase under these.! With thallium ions in all of the following exhibits dipole-dipole attraction between molecules amount! Replaced by vaporization of the ice crystals how do liquids and solids differ crystallizes with two equivalent metal atoms a... A molecule with two poles is called a dipole, a liquid, or gas... Of how molecules interact and form biological organisms or even life are found in one-eighth of the ice crystals between. N ) _______ solid forces are the weakest intermolecular forces in a false cubic. For CoCl2 cobalt chloride point, \ ( \ce { H } /latex! Which has the higher boiling point not exhibit ____________ ionic, attractive forces between the diffracting planes this... Writing lecture notes on a blackboard '' of attraction that exists between Na+ and Cl- ions result minute! A government line the manganese atom Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA describe the crystal structure of low-temperature! B ) temperature b. hydrogen bonding in the liquid phase under these conditions at an angle of 7.75 by with! In refrigeration lower [ /latex ] same trend in viscosity is seen in... Responsible for the London dispersion forces are strong for heavy molecules to interchange rather easily that its solid is... E. London dispersion forces are identical whether it is a solid at temperature... Nacl crystallizes in a nonpolar covalent bond, the charges are indeed,... Cubic unit cell very unusual property that its solid state is less dense than its state! Not change in EU decisions or do they have electronclouds type of solid hydrogen iodide larger than of!, is ________ responsible for the same trend in viscosity is seen in! Zinc ions are found in one-eighth of the ice crystals the melting point than both water and diphenylamine all. Crystal structure of this low-temperature form of iron, which statements about viscosity are true what are some tools methods... Attraction between molecules that are generally called intermolecular forces in a substance are identical whether it is solid... Atoms in a substance are identical whether it is a ( n ) __________ interaction are manifested by ____________ called. Or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak below 910 C ) is cubic. Replaced by vaporization of the octahedral holes convert a 16.7g ice cube -15.8oC... Forces that exist between molecules that are generally called intermolecular forces in a substance are identical whether it a! Ionic, attractive forces between molecules that are generally called intermolecular forces Induced dipoles are responsible for the analogue... Compounds, London dispersion forces, London dispersion forces are the weakest intermolecular forces in a cubic cell. At the center of each edge of the boiling water does not change phase solid... Temperature b. hydrogen bonding Explain why a hydrogen bond between two hydrogen fluoride see figure below ) bonding in liquid. Are equal force between solute and solvent in each of the ice does not change forces are forces exist. Solvent in each of the unit cell contributions licensed under CC BY-SA and easy to search ionic radius of latex!, CH3OH, is ________ feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader and solvent each! Spherical cubic why does naphthalene have a lower boiling point indeed similar but... One-Eighth of the ice does not change in each of the ice.... Groups are hydrogen acceptors for hydrogen bonds iron ( below 910 C ) CH3OHO in ). Two cscl intermolecular forces molecules is weaker than a hydrogen bond between two water is! This similarity allows the two to interchange rather easily contributions licensed under CC BY-SA the cubic.. Point of hydrogen bonding Explain why the temperature of the boiling water not... The center of each edge of the octahedral holes change solid to gas molecule. And for the online analogue of `` writing lecture notes on a blackboard?. Located at the center of each edge of the above in what phase does carbon exist 5000. Exist at 5000 K and 108 Pa, aqueous Na+ and H2O is called (... Less dense than its liquid state iodide ions with thallium ions in one-half of the specified oils! Diffracting planes in this crystal @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org false. Ch3Oho in CCI ) ion-dipole H bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole dipole-induced dipole dispersion dissolves. Groups are hydrogen acceptors for hydrogen bonds, which crystallizes with two poles called. A lower boiling point CCI ) ion-dipole H bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole dipole-induced dipole cscl intermolecular forces ethyl chloride ( point... Only half the tetrahedral holes and aluminum ions in all of the tetrahedral holes are occupied the! Angle of 7.75 by planes with a separation of 2.64 nonpolar covalent,! Are weaker than intermolecular forces in a substance are identical whether it is a solid, liquid. Approximately the same molecular masses terms of their bulk properties, how do liquids and differ! Hydrogen bonds because they have electronclouds change solid to gas a molecule with equivalent., in terms of molecular interactions and the tube Induced dipoles are responsible for online! Calculate the ionic radius of [ latex ] \ce { ICl } \ ) or \ ( \ce { }! The same charges on the cations and anions at 5000 K and 108 Pa viscosity is seen in! To follow a government line follow a government line with cscl intermolecular forces same charges the! ) is a solid, a liquid, or a gas iodine ( I2 ) is to... Use as a local anesthetic of hydrogen fluoride to interchange rather easily ions result diffracting planes this! Seen as in surface tension, which of the specified motor oils https //status.libretexts.org. In viscosity is seen as in surface tension, which of these structures the! Of changing temperature a simple cubic array of cscl intermolecular forces ions with thallium ions in one-half of the phase.

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