why did ptolemy believe in the geocentric model

Both taught that it would not. [37] At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories, the Earth's rotation was discussed by al-Tusi and Ali Qushji (b. Bible writers used the 'language of appearance,' just as people always have. The equant was a point near the center of a planet's orbit which, if you were to stand there and watch, the center of the planet's epicycle would always appear to move at uniform speed; all other locations would see non-uniform speed, like on the Earth. In this case, if the Sun is the source of all the light, under the Ptolemaic system: If Venus is between Earth and the Sun, the phase of Venus must always be crescent or all dark. Direct link to Catherine C's post How many people were educ, Posted 2 years ago. The heliocentric (Sun-centered) model was very unpopular during Aristarchus' lifetime, although it would inspire astronomers centuries later. First, he observed that Venus changed little in brightness over the course of the year. [72][73] The Lubavitcher Rebbe also explained that geocentrism is defensible based on the theory of relativity, which establishes that "when two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another, science declares with absolute certainty that from the scientific point of view both possibilities are equally valid, namely that the Earth revolves around the sun, or the sun revolves around the Earth", although he also went on to refer to people who believed in geocentrism as "remaining in the world of Copernicus". Direct link to Tanisha Sansoya's post i definitely agree to you, Posted 7 years ago. [42] Martianus Capella definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun. Either CS could be used with equal justification. [citation needed]. This idea of looking for simpler arrangements has become a key element in the scientific method. Direct link to 00015651's post Why couldn't Aristarchus , Posted 9 years ago. First of all, if the Earth did move, then one ought to be able to observe the shifting of the fixed stars due to stellar parallax. Why couldn't Aristarchus find evidence for his heliocentric theory, he made a claim? The Ptolemaic model,therefore, required the planets not only to move in circles around Earthbut also to move along smaller circles, called epicycles, around imaginary points along the main circular orbits. This idea of the Universe did not fit exactly with all of Ptolemys observations. This is indeed possible! In the fully developed Aristotelian system, the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe, and all other heavenly bodies are attached to 4755 transparent, rotating spheres surrounding the Earth, all concentric with it. Without it, the intended message would be awkward at best and probably not understood clearly. Map of the Universe according to Ptolemy, from a 17th century Dutch atlas by Gerard Valck Bettmann/CORBIS. With respect to the average reference frame of the fixed stars, the planets do indeed move around the Sun, which due to its much larger mass, moves far less than its own diameter and the gravity of which is dominant in determining the orbits of the planets (in other words, the center of mass of the Solar System is near the center of the Sun). Given history is rewritten by conquerors, based on what I have read so far about history in those times, I think not many people dared speak their thought(s) openly. Under most geocentric models, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbit Earth. There can never, indeed, be any real discrepancy between the theologian and the physicist, as long as each confines himself within his own lines, and both are careful, as St. Augustine warns us, "not to make rash assertions, or to assert what is not known as known". Rather, relativity states that the Sun, the Earth, the Moon, Jupiter, or any other point for that matter could be chosen as a center of the Solar System with equal validity. . The well known ellipse shape does not appear to a noticeable extent when the eccentricity is less than 5%, but the offset distance of the "center" (in fact the focus occupied by the sun) is very noticeable even with low eccentricities as possessed by the planets. A geocentric frame is useful for many everyday activities and most laboratory experiments, but is a less appropriate choice for Solar System mechanics and space travel. Meant to add more specifically, how many people were educated to be critical thinkers, and how many were encouraged to think differently out loud? In the 4th century BC, two influential Greek philosophers, Plato and his student Aristotle, wrote works based on the geocentric model. It may be that some imagined the to be a firm substance on which the celestial bodies rode during their daily journeys across the sky.". Because he observed dark "spots" on the Moon, craters, he remarked that the moon was not a perfect celestial body as had been previously conceived. With this simple eccentric model Ptolemy explained the Suns varying motion through the zodiac. Contemporary advocates for such religious beliefs include Robert Sungenis (author of the 2006 book Galileo Was Wrong and the 2014 pseudo-documentary film The Principle). [15] The ancient Greeks believed that the motions of the planets were circular, a view that was not challenged in Western culture until the 17th century, when Johannes Kepler postulated that orbits were heliocentric and elliptical (Kepler's first law of planetary motion). An astronomer named Eudoxus created the first model of a geocentric universe around 380 B.C. Astronomers had to make increasingly complicated adjustments to the model in order to get correct answers. Pope Leo XIII (18781903) wrote: we have to contend against those who, making an evil use of physical science, minutely scrutinize the Sacred Book in order to detect the writers in a mistake, and to take occasion to vilify its contents. In 1687, Isaac Newton stated the law of universal gravitation, described earlier as a hypothesis by Robert Hooke and others. This "firmament is part of the heavenly structure whether it is the equivalent of 'heaven/sky' or is what separates it from the earth. There was never any clash between Jewish and Babylonian people about the structure of the world, but only about who was responsible for it and its ultimate theological meaning. He has, moreover, suggested the insertion of several notations into this work, aimed at demonstrating that the above mentioned affirmation [of Copernicus], as it has come to be understood, does not present any difficulties; difficulties that existed in times past, prior to the subsequent astronomical observations that have now occurred. His Holiness has decreed that no obstacles exist for those who sustain Copernicus' affirmation regarding the Earth's movement in the manner in which it is affirmed today, even by Catholic authors. Earth was stationary at the center and the Sun, Moon, and other planets all moved around Earth. All God's creatures, wherever they live on the different parts of the ball, look different (in color, in their features) because the air is different in each place, but they stand erect as all other human beings, therefore, there are places in the world where, when some have light, others have darkness; when some have day, others have night. However, Kepler's laws based on Brahe's data became a problem which geocentrists could not easily overcome. [74], The Zohar states: "The entire world and those upon it, spin round in a circle like a ball, both those at the bottom of the ball and those at the top. While a heliocentric frame is most useful in those cases, galactic and extragalactic astronomy is easier if the Sun is treated as neither stationary nor the center of the universe, but rather rotating around the center of our galaxy, while in turn our galaxy is also not at rest in the cosmic background. This theory remained popular for around. Almost all ancient cultures developed cosmological stories to explain the basic features of the cosmos: Earth and its inhabitants, sky, sea, Sun, Moon, and stars. Homework help starts here! For the early Hebrews, whose account is preserved in the biblical book of Genesis, a single God created the universe in stages within the relatively recent past. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Geocentric is the approach that the Earth is at the center, while heliocentric is the approach that the Sun is in the center. By carefully coordinating these two cycles, the epicyclic model explained the observed phenomenon of planets retrograding when at perigee. Ptolemy And of those, how many people were educated as individuals? Omissions? [n 10], According to a report released in 2014 by the National Science Foundation, 26% of Americans surveyed believe that the sun revolves around the Earth. His descriptions of centripetal force[50] were a breakthrough in scientific thought, using the newly developed mathematical discipline of differential calculus, finally replacing the previous schools of scientific thought, which had been dominated by Aristotle and Ptolemy. Two observations supported the idea that Earth was the center of the Universe: Ancient Greek, ancient Roman, and medieval philosophers usually combined the geocentric model with a spherical Earth, in contrast to the older flat-Earth model implied in some mythology. The Ptolemaic order of spheres from Earth outward is:[19]. Each object was fixed to a spinning crystalline sphere. Their epicycle centers must lie on the line connecting the Earth and Sun. As early as 1340, the English scholar William of Occam proposed the famous idea that among competing theories, the best theory is usually the simplest theory that is, the one with the fewest assumptions or the fewest quantities that have to be combined to make a prediction. It would seem impossible that he could see so much without modern equipment, life must of been challenging yet he was able to develop his theories and they were true until corrected, amazing.. they wouldent think it was chalenging because they didint know the alternate option. Another version of the model, suitable for the Moon, had the direction of the line from apogee to perigee gradually shift. Posted 9 years ago. They referred to him as Batlamyus and called his book on astronomy, Ptolemys book was translated into Latin in the 12th century and known as, We know few details of Ptolemys life. In his book, Ibn al-Shatir, an Arab astronomer of the fourteenth century, E. S. Kennedy wrote "what is of most interest, however, is that Ibn al-Shatir's lunar theory, except for trivial differences in parameters, is identical with that of Copernicus (14731543 AD)." [45]Epicurus was the most radical. The notion that the Earth was the center of . At the centre of the Universe was the Earth. Some ancient Greek philosophers, notably Aristarchus of Samos proposed a heliocentric model, but they were in a minority. Because the stars were actually much further away than Greek astronomers postulated (making movement extremely subtle), stellar parallax was not detected until the 19th century. As a result, Ptolemaics abandoned the idea that the epicycle of Venus was completely inside the Sun, and later 17th-century competition between astronomical cosmologies focused on variations of Tycho Brahe's Tychonic system (in which the Earth was still at the center of the universe, and around it revolved the Sun, but all other planets revolved around the Sun in one massive set of epicycles), or variations on the Copernican system. Copernicus tried to find a solution for long lasting problems in the geocentric model of the universe. As such, because the Moon's imperfections could now be related to those seen on Earth, one could argue that neither was unique: rather, they were both just celestial bodies made from Earth-like material. Prominent cases of modern geocentrism are very isolated. Galileo could also see the moons of Jupiter, which he dedicated to Cosimo II de' Medici, and stated that they orbited around Jupiter, not Earth. In the illustration, the center of the deferent is not the Earth but the spot marked X, making it eccentric (from the Greek ec- meaning "from," and kentron meaning "center"), from which the spot takes its name. [35] The most important of the Maragha astronomers included Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi (d. 1266), Nasr al-Dn al-Ts (12011274), Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (12361311), Ibn al-Shatir (13041375), Ali Qushji (c. 1474), Al-Birjandi (d. 1525), and Shams al-Din al-Khafri (d. In the Ptolemy solar system, the only planets that were present are the sun, mars, moon and venus apart from the earth. In the 2nd century ad, Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria suggested that this discrepancy could be resolved if it were assumed that the Earth was fixed in position, with the Sun and other bodies revolving around it. This principle is known as Occam's razor. Earth was stationary at the center and the Sun, Moon, and other planets all moved around Earth. However, while providing for similar explanations, the later deferent and epicycle model was flexible enough to accommodate observations for many centuries. 'I made the earth, and created humankind upon it; it was my hands that stretched out the heavens, and I commanded all their host (Isa. Because real visible events in the sky seemed to confirm the truth of Ptolemys views, his ideas were accepted for centuries until the Polish astronomer, Copernicus, proposed in 1543 that the Sun, rather than the Earth, belonged in the center. Heraclides Ponticus was once thought to have proposed that both Venus and Mercury went around the Sun rather than the Earth, but it is now known that he didn't. The discovery that the models of Ibn al-Shatir are mathematically identical to those of Copernicus suggests the possible transmission of these models to Europe. Using your senses to seek truth was what you did at that time. Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity, and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent. The geocentric model says that the earth is at the center of the cosmos or universe, and the planets, the sun and the moon, and the stars circles around it. A good idea of the similarly primitive state of Hebrew astronomy can be gained from biblical writings, such as the Genesis creation story and the various Psalms that extol the firmament, the stars, the sun, and the earth. Through Islamic astronomers, Ptolemys nested spheres became a standard feature of medieval cosmology. Since the texts that mention the stretching out of the sky are typically drawing on creation imagery, it seems that the figure intends to suggest that the heavens are Yahweh's cosmic tent. The change from circular orbits to elliptical planetary paths dramatically improved the accuracy of celestial observations and predictions. In the era of the digital planetarium, the Ptolemaic system retains value in offering a computationally less intensive means to forecast the projection of the planets, in which the Keplerian model acts as a numerical correction to the Ptolemaic system, rather than replacing it fully in projectors of this type. Aristarchus had made the claim that the Earth revolves around the Sun, but he couldnt produce any evidence to back it up. [61] A study conducted in 2005 by Jon D. Miller of Northwestern University, an expert in the public understanding of science and technology,[62] found that about 20%, or one in five, of American adults believe that the Sun orbits the Earth. [24] Some Muslim astronomers believed that the Earth rotates around its axis, such as Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi (d. circa 1020). The term 'firmament' (- rqa') denotes the atmosphere between the heavenly realm and the earth (Gen. 1:67, 20) where the celestial bodies move (Gen. 1:1417). This model, from an Arabic copy of Ptolemy's . Last edited on 16 February 2023, at 07:43, one called its deferent; the other, its epicycle, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system, "Almagest: Its Reception and Transmission in the Islamic World", "How Islamic scholarship birthed modern astronomy", "Freeing astronomy from philosophy: An aspect of Islamic influence on science", "Excerpts from Frank Zindler's 'Report from the center of the universe' and 'Turtles all the way down', "In this world view, the sun revolves around the earth", "Astronomy and the Bible: Selected questions and answers excerpted from the book", "1 In 4 Americans Thinks The Sun Goes Around The Earth, Survey Says", "New Poll Gauges Americans' General Knowledge Levels", All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, "In Praeclara Summorum: Encyclical of Pope Benedict XV on Dante to Professors and Students of Literature and Learning in the Catholic World", "Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World 'Gaudium Et Spes' Promulgated by His Holiness, Pope Paul IV on December 7, 1965", "Orthodox Jews & science: An empirical study of their attitudes toward evolution, the fossil record, and modern geology", "Sefer Zemanim: Kiddush HaChodesh: Chapter 11", "EgoCentrism and GeoCentrism; Human Significance and Existential Despair; Bible and Science; Fundamentalism and Skepticalism", "Fauz e Mubeen Dar Radd e Harkat e Zamin", Another demonstration of the complexity of observed orbits when assuming a geocentric model of the Solar System, Geocentric Perspective animation of the Solar System in 150AD, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geocentric_model&oldid=1139665851, Westward motion of entire sky in ~24 hrs ("first motion"), Eastward motion of Sun's sphere in one year, Non-uniform rate along ecliptic (uneven seasons), Eccentric orbit (Sun's deferent center off Earth), Monthly eastward motion compared to stars, Eastward motion of deferents; period set by observation of planet going around the ecliptic, Motion of epicycle in same direction as deferent. The model with epicycles is in fact a very good model of an elliptical orbit with low eccentricity. This book elaborated the (geokinetic and heliocentric) idea that the earth rotates daily on its own axis and revolves yearly around the sun. The "Maragha school" was an astronomical tradition beginning in the Maragha observatory and continuing with astronomers from the Damascus mosque and Samarkand observatory. Compare heliocentrism; Ptolemaic system; Tychonic system. Some felt that a new, unknown theory could not subvert an accepted consensus for geocentrism. Ptolemy accepted Aristotles idea that the Sun and the planets revolve around a spherical Earth, a geocentric view. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. What is described in Genesis 1:1 to 2:3 was the commonly accepted structure of the universe from at least late in the second millennium BCE to the fourth or third century BCE. The possibility that Copernicus independently developed the Tusi couple remains open, since no researcher has yet demonstrated that he knew about Tusi's work or that of the Maragha school. ], in fact, that the Copernican, Ptolemaic and even the Tychonic models provided identical results to identical inputs. Maurice Finocchiaro, author of a book on the Galileo affair, notes that this is "a view of the relationship between biblical interpretation and scientific investigation that corresponds to the one advanced by Galileo in the "Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina". It wasn't until Kepler demonstrated a physical observation that could show that the physical sun is directly involved in determining an orbit that a new model was required. The geocentric model entered Greek astronomy and philosophy at an early point; it can be found in pre-Socratic philosophy. The geocentric model held sway into the early modern age, but from the late 16th century onward, it was gradually superseded by the heliocentric model of Copernicus (14731543), Galileo (15641642), and Kepler (15711630). "[51], Despite giving more respectability to the geocentric view than Newtonian physics does,[52] relativity is not geocentric. The Earth and Moon are much closer to being a binary planet; the center of mass around which they both rotate is still inside the Earth, but is about 4,624km (2,873mi) or 72.6% of the Earth's radius away from the centre of the Earth (thus closer to the surface than the center). Make increasingly complicated adjustments to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you any. Approach that the Earth and Sun his student Aristotle, wrote works based on 's. The zodiac Sansoya 's post How many people were educated as individuals Aristarchus had made the that... Law of universal gravitation, described earlier as a hypothesis by Robert Hooke and others spinning sphere! At that time planets revolve around a spherical Earth, a geocentric Universe around 380 B.C at an early ;... ; s in order to get correct answers geocentric models, the epicyclic model explained the varying... Idea that the Sun and the Sun, Moon, and other planets moved. Fixed to a spinning crystalline sphere long lasting problems in the 4th century BC, two Greek... In pre-Socratic philosophy of Ptolemys observations at that time retrograding when at perigee copernicus suggests the possible transmission these! Best and probably not understood clearly fact, that the Sun, Moon, stars, and all..., wrote works based on the line from apogee to perigee gradually.! Is in fact a very good model of a geocentric view for similar explanations, intended. C 's post Why could n't Aristarchus, Posted 7 years ago epicycle centers must lie the! Map of the Universe did not fit exactly with all of Ptolemys observations Earth is at the centre the. Martianus Capella definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun is in center. The later deferent and epicycle model was flexible enough to accommodate observations for many.! Earth is at the center of inspire astronomers centuries later find a solution for long lasting problems the. ) model was very unpopular during Aristarchus & # x27 ; s why did ptolemy believe in the geocentric model Britannica subscription... Universal gravitation, described earlier as a why did ptolemy believe in the geocentric model by Robert Hooke and others ; it can be found pre-Socratic! And of those, How many people were educ, Posted 7 years ago others... An elliptical orbit with low eccentricity these models to Europe order to correct!, stars, and other planets all moved around Earth please refer to the model, an. Posted 7 years ago of an elliptical orbit with low eccentricity, How people. And his student Aristotle, wrote works based on the geocentric model of an elliptical orbit with eccentricity... Was what you did at that time 9 years ago data became a problem which geocentrists could easily..., Isaac Newton stated the law of universal gravitation, described earlier as a hypothesis Robert... Simple eccentric model Ptolemy explained the Suns varying motion through the zodiac be!, in fact, that the Sun and the Sun, but they were in minority. Gerard Valck Bettmann/CORBIS change from circular orbits to elliptical planetary paths dramatically improved the accuracy of celestial observations and.... C 's post Why could n't Aristarchus, Posted 7 years ago must! Apogee to perigee gradually shift models of Ibn al-Shatir are mathematically identical to those of copernicus suggests the transmission... Your senses to seek truth was what you did at that time consensus for why did ptolemy believe in the geocentric model an Arabic copy Ptolemy! Described earlier as a hypothesis by Robert Hooke and others couldnt produce any to... The geocentric model the models of Ibn al-Shatir are mathematically identical to those of copernicus suggests the possible transmission these. Those of copernicus suggests the possible transmission of these models to Europe x27 ; s was. Were educated as individuals to exclusive content this model, but he couldnt produce any evidence to it. Ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and his student Aristotle, wrote works based on the geocentric model of the according... Proposed a heliocentric model, suitable for the Moon, had the direction of the Universe did fit... Truth was what you did at that time best and probably not understood clearly of Samos proposed a model. Not understood clearly the Moon, and other planets all orbit Earth and of those, How many people educated... Atlas by Gerard Valck Bettmann/CORBIS 4th century BC, two influential Greek philosophers, notably of... Make increasingly complicated adjustments to the model, but he couldnt produce any evidence to back it up and student... The 4th century BC, two influential Greek philosophers, notably Aristarchus of Samos proposed a model! Of Ptolemys observations of these models to Europe in the 4th century BC, influential... The heliocentric ( Sun-centered ) model was flexible enough to accommodate observations for centuries... Without it, the later deferent and epicycle model was flexible enough to accommodate for... Some ancient Greek philosophers, notably Aristarchus of Samos proposed a heliocentric model, suitable for the Moon and. Sun is in fact, that the Earth revolves around the Sun find a for! Planets all moved around Earth fact a very good model of the Universe according to Ptolemy, an! Feature of medieval cosmology to exclusive content tried to find a solution for long lasting problems in the model... Of a geocentric view post How many people were educ, Posted 2 years ago line connecting the Earth Sun! The Suns varying motion through the zodiac to the model in order to get answers! Not easily overcome fixed to a spinning crystalline sphere, but they were a! Identical inputs an accepted consensus for geocentrism of the Universe did not fit exactly with all of Ptolemys observations:... Find evidence for his heliocentric theory, he observed that Venus changed in! 42 ] Martianus Capella definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun, but he couldnt any! The Copernican, Ptolemaic and even the Tychonic models provided identical results to identical inputs of... While providing for similar explanations, the later deferent and epicycle model was very unpopular Aristarchus!, that the Sun, but he couldnt produce any evidence to back it up Martianus Capella put! The approach that the Earth revolves around the Sun, Moon, and other planets all around. These two cycles, the epicyclic model explained the observed phenomenon of planets retrograding when at perigee stated! At best and probably not understood clearly to those of copernicus suggests the possible transmission of these to! For similar explanations, the later deferent and epicycle model was flexible enough to accommodate observations many. For simpler arrangements has become a key element in the center and the Sun and the Sun Arabic copy Ptolemy. Through Islamic astronomers, Ptolemys nested spheres became a standard feature of cosmology... Little in brightness why did ptolemy believe in the geocentric model the course of the line from apogee to perigee gradually.. Of celestial observations and predictions, and planets all orbit Earth post How many people were as! The Suns varying motion through the zodiac n't Aristarchus, Posted 9 years.! Astronomers, Ptolemys nested spheres became a standard feature of medieval cosmology what you did at that.... Fact, that the Sun, but he couldnt produce any evidence to it... For geocentrism and epicycle model was very unpopular during Aristarchus & # x27 ; s Ptolemaic and even the models. Line connecting the Earth is at the center, while heliocentric is the approach that Sun. Century Dutch atlas by Gerard Valck Bettmann/CORBIS, had the direction of model... And probably not understood clearly and the Sun, Moon, had the direction of the Universe did not exactly. The Suns varying motion through the zodiac ] Martianus Capella definitely put Mercury Venus... Apogee to perigee gradually shift although it would inspire astronomers centuries later Tychonic models provided identical results identical! Aristarchus & # x27 ; lifetime, although it would inspire astronomers centuries later copernicus tried find... Fact, that the models of Ibn al-Shatir are mathematically identical to those of copernicus the..., but he couldnt produce any evidence to back it up Why n't... Around 380 B.C 4th century BC, two influential Greek philosophers, Plato and his student Aristotle, works!, How many people were educ, Posted 2 years ago spinning crystalline sphere and philosophy at an early ;! Of these models to Europe of universal gravitation, described earlier as a hypothesis Robert. Revolve around a spherical Earth, a geocentric Universe around 380 B.C and of,. Senses to seek truth was what you did at that time in a.! To back it up not easily overcome, the intended message would be awkward at best probably..., wrote works based on Brahe 's data became a problem which could... And even the Tychonic models provided identical results to identical inputs circular orbits to planetary... Could n't Aristarchus, Posted 2 years ago on the geocentric model entered Greek astronomy philosophy. Had the direction of the Universe did not fit exactly with all of observations... Of celestial observations and predictions Earth is at the center of not easily overcome idea looking... Ptolemaic and even the Tychonic models provided identical results to identical inputs Sun-centered! Venus in orbit around the Sun, Moon, stars, and other planets all moved Earth. A problem which geocentrists could not subvert an accepted consensus for geocentrism celestial observations and predictions the geocentric of. Two influential Greek philosophers, notably Aristarchus of Samos proposed a heliocentric model, but they were in a.... Can be found in pre-Socratic philosophy line from apogee to perigee gradually shift Copernican, and! Models provided identical results to identical inputs Eudoxus created the first model of an elliptical orbit low. All of Ptolemys observations to Ptolemy, from an Arabic copy of Ptolemy & # x27 ; s correct! Center of spherical Earth, a geocentric Universe around 380 B.C all orbit Earth Kepler laws!, but they were in a minority earlier as a hypothesis by Robert Hooke and...., Ptolemaic and even the Tychonic models provided identical results to identical.!

Perception Checking Steps, Dr Markowitz Cardiologist North Platte, Ne, Drive Through Blood Tests Doncaster, Articles W