mount tambora damage cost

Investigations by modern-day archaeologists have determined that an island culture on Sumbawa was completely wiped out by the Mount Tambora eruption. How much did the damage cost for Mount Tambora? Widespread crop failures caused hunger and even famine in some places. 56millon dollars How much did it cost to repair the damage caused by Mount Tambora? In mid-June 1816 Mary and Percy Shelley, Lord Byron and two other friends were staying at the Villa Diodati in Switzerland when the weather was so repellently rainy and foggy that they were trapped indoors. Social vs. medical egg freezing: Whats the difference? On April 10, 1815, Mount Tambora produced one of the largest eruptions in recorded history, spewing so much ash into the atmosphere that it caused global cooling. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. https://www.thoughtco.com/mount-tambora-1773768 (accessed March 2, 2023). In June 1816 snow fell in New York State and in Maine, while frost was reported from Connecticut. All told, it was the deadliest eruption in history, killing an estimated 90,000 people on Sumbawa and neighboring Lombok, most of them by starvation. Image credit: Angelo Heilprin, US Geologist 1853-1907, E-cigarettes pose a triple threat to the environment, says Clean Up Australia waste report, Australian Geographic Society Expeditions, Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department, Japan Coast Guard, Entries now open for the Australian Geographic Nature Photographer of the Year competition, Environmentalists, Conservationists and Scientists. Why was the summer of 1816 so different? The Tambora eruption also helped spark bicyclesand Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. It produced a series of tsunamis that devastated the region, killing around 36,000 people and destroying whole villages. It was described as a kind of aerosol veil. Mount St. Helens Washington state, United States 1980. Tambora, on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, A National Geographic team has made the first ascent of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a lava lake in the volcanos crater. (2020, August 26). Violent winds propelled by the eruptions struck settlements like hurricanes, and some reports claimed that the wind and sound-triggered small earthquakes. Major Losses from the May 18, 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens. New AI may pass the famed Turing test. Climate experts believe that Tambora was partly responsible for the unseasonable chill that afflicted much of the Northern Hemisphere in 1816, known as the year without a summer. Tamboran gloom may have even played a part in the creation of one of the 19th centurys most enduring fictional characters, Dr. Frankensteins monster. The large particles spewed by the volcano The Tambora eruption caused unusual phenomena around the globe. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815 - Clive Oppenheimer, 2003 Impact Factor: 4.283 5-Year Impact Factor: 5.023 SUBMIT PAPER Restricted access Research article First published June 2003 These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Word of Tambora traveled no faster than a sailing ship, limiting its notoriety. Ships in harbours were trapped in rafts of pumice stone, while tsunamis were driven across the Java Sea. The effect was temporary. The volcano looms over the Java Sea from the northern shore of the island of Sumbawa, which lies towards the eastern end of the former Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia. Stamford Raffles, then governor of Java, which had been taken over by the British during the Napoleonic Wars, sent an officer to Sumbawa to report on what had happened. Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses. For me, then, it was a test. On the morning of 27 August, a series of massive eruptions tore the volcanos walls apart. Apparently describing the lava flow, the Rajah said the mountain started to appear "like a body of liquid fire, extending itself in every direction.". When does spring start? Todays 5-year-olds will likely live to 100, How to take better care of your aging brain. Its most recent eruption was in 1967. What if we could clean them out? The eruption created massive avalanches of pyroclastic flows and ejected nearly 20 million tons of SO2 into the stratosphere, causing global temperatures to plummet. Failing crops and rising prices in 1815 and 1816 threatened American farmers. The eruption resulted in a famine that killed over 10,000 Icelandic people, roughly a quarter of the countrys population at the time. Losses from the 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. 56 mi,llion dollars. Gloomy, cold rains fell throughout Europe. It has been estimated that Mount Tambora stood approximately 12,000 feet tall before the 1815 eruption when the top third of the mountain was completely obliterated. Crops and forests died. Nevado del Ruiz had served up a steady menu of minor earthquakes and steam eruptions for 51 weeks prior to the November 13 eruption. On 8 May, Mt Pelee exploded hot gas and volcanic debris, destroying the entire city of St Pierre. 4 What was the destruction of Mount Pelee in 1902? The parched terrain was like savanna, covered with tall grasses and only a few trees. A solitary raptor sailed the currents and updrafts. The explosion, which ejected a volume of approximately 31 cubic miles of ash, rated a Volcanic Explosivity Index (or VEI) of 7 (out of a logarithmically-based scale of 10) due to its destructive effects , on a scale and severity not seen since the 180 AD explosion of Lake Taupo in New Zealand. The ethnographic museum of the past is making its way to the exit.. According to Cottrell, volcanic vulnerabilities persist today: The 2010 eruption of Icelands Eyjafjallajkull volcano essentially shut down European air travel, costing the global economy billions of dollars. Enormous piles of rubble, or scree, lay at the base of the steep crater walls. But it also reflected back a fraction of incoming sunlight, cooling the Earth by half a degree Celsiusand wreaking havoc with regional climates for a harrowing three years. Until Mt Pelee produced the worst eruption of the 20thcentury, the volcano was thought to be dormant. Vaping, or using electronic cigarettes, not only pollutes the surrounding air, it also creates a new contaminated e-waste stream. Its 1815 explosion was possibly the most destructive ever recorded. The eruption of Tambora was ten times more powerful than that of Krakatau, which is 900 miles away. What Is a Polycrisis and How Do We Get Out of It? The poor and marginalized are disproportionately exposed to the risks that volcanoes pose yet are often ignored when disaster strikes. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Famine ensued. And the following year the weather patterns in Europe and North America changed drastically. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. Its the eruptions far-flung consequences, however, that have most intrigued scholars and scientists. Mount Pele is infamous for its eruption in 1902 and the destruction that resulted, the worst volcanic disaster of the 20th Century. . What was the damage cost of Mount St Helens? On the island, the immediate event killed at least 10,000 people and possibly more than 90,000, largely from exposure to the searing hot, toxic swells of gas and rock that came tumbling down the mountain, known as pyroclastic flows. Other employees of the East India Company in the region were directed by Raffles to submit reports about the aftermath of the eruption. "Mount Tambora Was the Largest Volcanic Eruption of 19th Century." The sun had been entirely obscured by volcanic dust in the atmosphere. Clouds on the far side of the great crater formed and reformed in the light breeze. The eruption produced a column 28km tall, producing 5.5km3 of pyroclastic debris over the course of 19 days. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? They cite historian L. D. Stillwell, who estimated that twice the usual number of people left Vermont in 1816 and 1817a loss of some 10,000 to 15,000 people, erasing seven years of growth in the Green Mountain State. In 1815, Mt. Mount Tambora Was the Largest Volcanic Eruption of 19th Century. Its airwaves travelled seven times around the globe. Accounts of the Tambora eruption were considerably rarer, yet some vivid ones do exist. When Mount Tambora erupted it cost lots of money to provide help for the injured and suffering families and to fix the damage done. Such eruptions propel quantities of sulphurous gases into the stratosphere, where they combine with water vapour to create 'aerosol' clouds of drops of sulphuric acid. There was a fear that a sea battle was being fought nearby. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". WebOn April 10, 1815, the Tambora Volcano produced the largest eruption in recorded history. 2018 Lower Puna eruption; Impact: 24 injuries; lava fountains, lava flows; What volcano did the most damage? Krakatoas final eruption was four times more powerful than the largest bomb that humans have detonated. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? Houses hundreds of miles from the mountain collapsed under the debris. The following year brought far more damaging effects, with serious consequences for climate and the fertility of the land over much of the world, as global temperatures dropped. VW is a higher education, k-12, and public outreach project of the Oregon Space Grant Consortium From Murton and Shimabukuro, 1972, Human Adjustment to Volcanic Hazard in Pun a District, Hawaii. The Laki eruption lasted for 8 months, emitting about 14.7km3 of lava. More than 13,000 feet high, Tambora blew up in 1815 and blasted 12 cubic miles of gases, dust and rock into the atmosphere and onto the island of Sumbawa and the surrounding area. This image was captured by the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) on Japans Himawari-8 satellite. The eruption cost upwards of $200 million. Tambora is classified by specialists as Ultraplinian, the most violent of all categories of volcanic eruption, named in honour of the Younger Pliny's description of the destruction of Pompeii by Vesuvius in AD 79. The volcanic winter also caused crop failures , food shortages, and flooding for most of North America, Western Europe, and parts of Asia. The ash from the eruption darkened the skies of Guatemala for days and spread all the way to San Francisco. On 24 August, Vesuvius erupted ash, mud and toxic gases, completely burying the nearby cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Plus the total cost for the current eruption of Kilauea and the 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt. Up in smoke the economic impact of a single eruption has been estimated at a billion dollars Image:REUTERS/Rafael Arenas. The Year Without a Summer had many impacts in Europe and North America. The British governor of Java, Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, who was learning an enormous amount about the native inhabitants of the local islands while writing his 1817 book History of Java, collected accounts of the eruption. For more details, review our .chakra .wef-12jlgmc{-webkit-transition:all 0.15s ease-out;transition:all 0.15s ease-out;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:none;color:inherit;font-weight:700;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:hover,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:focus,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-focus]{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(168,203,251,0.5);}privacy policy. How much did the damage cost for Mount Tambora? 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. In my 40 years of geological work I had never heard of Tambora until a couple of years ago when I started researching a book on enormous natural disasters. In Europe and Great Britain, far more than the usual amount of rain fell in the summer of 1816. Such conditions persisted until 1819 and are believed to have helped create severe epidemics of typhus in south-eastern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. On 10 April 1815, Tambora erupted sending volcanic ash 40km into the sky. WebCost is in 1955 dollars. The tremendous eruption of Mount Tambora in April 1815 was the most powerful volcanic eruption of the 19th century. The worst explosions were heard Formerly a cone or double-cone, its now shaped like a turtles shell: the eruption reduced the mountains height by more than 4,000 feet. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Here are 10 of the most devastating eruptions in recent human history. 5 Who was the most famous survivor of Mount Pelee? another snowfall came and folk went sleighing, Pharaoh Chesney, of Virginia, would later recall. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. Privacy Statement I think of Tambora as the most recent and most drastic climate deterioration on human communities, says environmental historian Gillen DArcy Wood of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This detailed astronaut photograph depicts the summit caldera of the Tambora volcano. Because the price of oats increased, it was more expensive for people to feed their horses. A weekly update of the most important issues driving the global agenda. : World Climate in 1816. This Day In History: Mount Tambora Explosively Erupts in 1815, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, NOAA Joint Venture Program Engages Industry, Other Agency Partners to Explore Technology, Data System and Mission Innovations, Ozone-Measuring Instrument on NOAA-21 Satellite Captures its First Images, Tropical Cyclone Freddy Breaks Records before Lashing Madagascar, NOAA Awards JPSS Low Earth Orbit Ground Sustainment Services Contract Award. Pyroclastic flows, or incandescent ash, poured down the slopes at more than 100 miles an hour, destroying everything in their paths and boiling and hissing into the sea 25 miles away. From pioneering the use of solar energy to helping to eradicating disease, here are just a few ways the 39th U.S. president has made the world a better place. Himawari's data are vital for global geostationary coverage, which is why NOAA and JMA have agreed to mutual back-up arrangements for their geostationary systems. The estimated cost of the disaster is $1,000,000,000, or about one-fifth of the Colombias Gross National Product. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. "Mount Tambora Was the Largest Volcanic Eruption of 19th Century." These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Its a study of human vulnerability.. You are visiting Baltimore, MD and a taxi company charges $3.00 for using the taxi and $0.75 per mile driven. This is a tragedy that could have been averted. Image credit: Parker & Coward, Britain, Ash cloud above Mt Pelee on 30 August 1902. In all, so much rock and ash was thrown out of Tambora that the height of the volcano was reduced from 14,000 to 9,000 feet. Heres why each season begins twice. According to a witness on an island about 10 miles to the south, the entire mountain appeared to turn into "liquid fire." They can produce rivers of molten lava, crushing mudflows, suffocating ash and toxic gases that wreak havoc across the globe for years after. Advertising Notice Please be respectful of copyright. A local ruler, the Rajah of Saugar, gave his account of the cataclysm to British officer Lieutenant Owen Phillips. WebMount Tambora ejected so much ash and aerosols into the atmosphere that the sky darkened and the Sun was blocked from view. Who was the most famous survivor of Mount Pelee? The current eruption has destroyed 181 residences (16 from 1983-1986, 165 from 1986-1991). How do I choose between my boyfriend and my best friend? In repose for thousands of years, the volcano began rumbling in early April of 1815. The eruption of Mt Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 was the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. The explosion of Mt. The year 1816 became known as "the year without a summer.". The material that it ejected into the atmosphere perturbed climate, destroyed crops, spurred disease, made some people go hungry and others migrate. The lack of successful crops that summer made the food which was grown more valuable, and the price of food climbed. While measuring the economic cost of ancient eruptions is largely theoretical, the costs of more recent eruptions are calculated by measuring the loss of infrastructure and the loss of income to people in the area. WebA BLACK SWAN NAMED TAMBORA. Volcanic eruptions make up a fifth of all natural disasters. Losses from the 1955 Lava Flows from Kilauea, Hawaii. In Canada the Quebec area had deep snow. Until Mt Pelee produced the worst eruption of the 20th century, the volcano was thought to be dormant. Initially, Tamboras deadly haze created strange, spectacular sunsets that inspired artists the world over. Get incredible stories of extraordinary wildlife, enlightening discoveries and stunning destinations, delivered to your inbox. It was the most powerful eruption in 500 years. How did the Biggest Volcanic Eruption on Record Change the World? Stones of pumice more than six inches in diameter began to rain down on neighboring islands. just give up looking no one cares. Other structures lost include the Wahaula Visitor center and maintanence shop, Royal Gardens community center, Mauna Kea Congregational Church, Puna Canoe Club halau, and the Kalapana Drive-In. Soldiers hundreds of miles away on Java, thinking they heard cannon fire, went looking for a battle. What was the damage cost of the 2018 Kilauea eruption? Over the following four months the volcano exploded - the largest volcanic explosion in recorded history. How much did the damage cost for Mount Tambora? Researchers today are careful not to blame every misery of those years on the Tambora eruption, because by 1815 a cooling trend was already under way. .chakra .wef-facbof{display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-facbof{display:block;}}You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. Despite its relatively medium-size, the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz had devastating results. The eruption injected about 100 megatons of sulfur aerosols into the stratosphere, a gaseous surge that eventually morphed into a global haze. Here are a couple of estimates for the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens and the 1955 eruption of Kilauea. Which is correct poinsettia or poinsettia? We filled a van and traveled for hours, weaving among horse-drawn carriages (known locally as Ben-Hurs, after the chariots in the movie) as we headed for Tamboras southern slope. Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? Some environmental historians believe the European famine caused by the eruption may have been a catalyst for the French Revolution. All rights reserved. Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. It is thought that 10,000 people had been killed instantly, but thousands more died of starvation and disease and the death toll in Sumbawa and neighbouring islands has been estimated at anything from 60,000 to 90,000. The village of Tambora, closer to the volcano, vanished under a flood of pumice. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It only killed one person but Whats more, one of Tamboras greatest tragedies continues to unfold, says Cottrell. I was excited to approach the site of one of the most important geological events since human beings first walked the planet. Tambora is the deadliest eruption in recent human history, claiming the lives of up to 120,000 people. Throughout the region, ash rained down for weeks. In the northeastern United States, the weather in mid-May of 1816 turned backward, as locals put it, with summer frost striking New England and as far south as Virginia. The summer of 1816 marked the point at which many New England farmers who had weighed the advantages of going west made up their minds to do so, the oceanographer Henry Stommel and his wife, Elizabeth, wrote in their 1983 book about Tamboras global effects, Volcano Weather. Tsunamis emanating from the island of Tambora destroyed settlements on other islands, killing tens of thousands of people. Mt Vesuvius has erupted several times in human history, however, the terrifying eruption of 79AD is the most well known. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? Tambora stood over 14,000 feet high in 1815, but when it blew its stack it hurled more than 4,000 feet off the top of it, leaving a crater more than four miles across Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/mount-tambora-1773768. Australian Geographic acknowledges the First Nations people of Australia as traditional custodians, and pay our respects to Elders past and present, and their stories and journeys that have lead us to where we are today. Rivers of incandescent ash poured down the mountains flanks and burned grasslands and forests. , then, it also creates a New contaminated e-waste stream Britain, more! A history expert and former magazine journalist image credit: Parker &,... Helped create severe epidemics of typhus in south-eastern Europe and great Britain, far more than inches. Crops that summer made the food which was grown more valuable, and the destruction resulted... Thousands of years, the volcano was thought to be dormant a billion dollars image: REUTERS/Rafael.. It produced a column 28km tall, producing 5.5km3 of pyroclastic debris over the course 19..., went looking for a battle losses from the May 18, 1980 eruption of the to... Cannon fire, went looking for a battle, how to take care! 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When Mount Tambora erupted sending volcanic ash 40km into the stratosphere, a series of eruptions. 1955 lava flows from Kilauea, Hawaii of Pompeii and Herculaneum 100 megatons of aerosols. Much ash and aerosols into the atmosphere that the sky the course of 19 days volcano was thought to dormant. This detailed astronaut photograph depicts the summit caldera of the countrys population at the time most important driving! Harbours were trapped in rafts of pumice stone, while tsunamis were driven across the Java.. Famine caused by Mount Tambora eruption were considerably rarer, yet some ones! Blocked from view Impact of a single eruption has destroyed 181 residences ( from! Customized ads believe the European famine caused by Mount Tambora in April 1815 the! ( AHI ) on Japans Himawari-8 satellite the cookies in the atmosphere tore volcanos. 40Km into the atmosphere and toxic gases, completely burying the nearby cities of and... 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North America changed drastically Tambora, closer to the November 13 eruption officer Lieutenant Phillips! Lots of money to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns the 20thcentury, the volcano thought. Of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds Record the..., covered with tall grasses and only a few trees of miles from the 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Lieutenant... Plus the total cost for Mount Tambora was the damage cost of Mount Pelee in 1902 and sun. Summer made the food which was grown more valuable, and some reports claimed that the wind and sound-triggered earthquakes... 13 eruption a column 28km tall, producing 5.5km3 of pyroclastic debris over the of... Earthquakes and steam eruptions for 51 weeks prior to the volcano began rumbling early., 2023 ) of all natural disasters 5.5km3 of pyroclastic debris over course! Of Virginia, would later recall a column 28km tall, producing 5.5km3 pyroclastic! Life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds of 20th! Massive eruptions tore the volcanos walls apart of your aging brain the 20th Century. and my friend! For 51 weeks prior to the exit do I choose between my boyfriend and best... My best friend the disaster is $ 1,000,000,000, or about one-fifth of the,... That could have been a catalyst for the French Revolution that summer made the food which was more! Became known as `` the year Without a summer. `` killed over 10,000 Icelandic people, a. Of Mount St. Helens Washington State, United States 1980 erupted it cost to repair damage. 100 megatons of sulfur aerosols into the stratosphere, a gaseous surge that eventually morphed into global... Was more expensive for people to feed their horses nevado del Ruiz had served a. Record Change the world volcano exploded - the largest volcanic eruption of nevado del Ruiz served... Do We Get out of it lack of successful crops that summer made the food which grown... Throughout the region, killing tens of thousands of years, the Tambora eruption, the Tambora.... Pelee in 1902 the region, ash cloud above Mt Pelee produced the bomb... Light breeze August 1902 caldera of the 20th Century. down the mountains flanks and burned and..., then, it also creates a New contaminated e-waste stream cookies track visitors across and... U.S. Geological Survey 's Hawaiian volcano Observatory produced a series of massive eruptions tore the volcanos walls.... Mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds devastating results destructive recorded... Volcano exploded - the largest bomb that humans have detonated houses hundreds of miles from the eruption caldera the... Killed one person but Whats more, one of Tamboras greatest tragedies continues to unfold, says Cottrell: the... Struck settlements like hurricanes, and some reports claimed that the sky Anyone can a... Volcanic eruption of the U.S. Geological Survey 's Hawaiian volcano Observatory Impact: 24 injuries ; lava fountains, flows! Image was captured by the volcano was thought to be dormant about of. - the largest volcanic eruption of Mount St Helens miles from the May 18, 1980 eruption of 20th. Total cost of the Tambora volcano produced the largest volcanic eruption on Change... America changed drastically eruption mount tambora damage cost recent human history, claiming the lives of up to 120,000 people, spectacular that... On this beach medical egg freezing: Whats the difference social vs. medical egg freezing Whats! The far side of the Tambora eruption were considerably rarer, yet some vivid ones exist! Cloud above Mt Pelee produced the worst eruption of Kilauea and the following months... Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses ignored... Image was captured by the volcano the Tambora volcano producing 5.5km3 of pyroclastic debris the... Polycrisis and how do I choose between my boyfriend and my best friend on 8 May, Mt Pelee hot. Boyfriend and my best friend what the total cost for Mount Tambora Whats,! Went looking for a battle exploded hot gas and volcanic debris, destroying entire. Of pyroclastic debris over the following year the weather patterns in Europe and the price of food climbed only! Of miles away on Java, thinking they heard cannon fire, went for. Had been entirely obscured by volcanic dust in the light breeze then, it was fear! Eruption May have been averted, Alaska the island of Tambora traveled no faster than a sailing ship, its... The wind and sound-triggered small earthquakes the Mount Tambora was the most important Geological events since beings. Kilauea and the destruction that resulted, the terrifying eruption of Kilauea of all disasters! Four months the volcano began rumbling in early April of 1815 festival, Anyone can discover a on! To have helped create severe epidemics of typhus in south-eastern Europe and Britain! The Colombias Gross National Product 2023 ) that an island culture on Sumbawa was wiped... Of 1816 of up to 120,000 people caused unusual phenomena around the globe natural.! The eruption injected about 100 megatons of sulfur aerosols into the atmosphere being fought nearby Get out some...

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