african buffalo migration

Our study findings may therefore indicate that the buffalo population in Ruaha declined due to seasonal reductions in the flow of the areas main water source, the Great Ruaha River. However, in studies from the Doornkloof Nature Reserve in the Nama-Karoo in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, and Klaserie Private Nature Reserve in South Africa, buffaloes ranged farther and wider in the dry season than in the wet season in order to find adequate forage [4, 29]. Winnie JA, Cross P, Getz W. Habitat quality and heterogeneity influence distribution and behavior in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer Sparrman, 1779) is the largest member of the family Bovidae inhabiting the sub-Saharan Africa, primarily in savannas with high grass biomass and mosaics, preferring areas access to grass, water and cover (Estes, 2012).The southern limit of the distribution of African buffalo lies in Addo A study of resource limitation of populations. When sparring, the bulls twist their horns from side to side. Herd switching was also reported from Botswana buffalo herds, where 7 out of 45 collared adult female buffaloes switched herds [22], but contradict earlier literature that generally considered buffalo cows to inhabit stable herds without inter-herd movements [9, 23]. Maasai Mara. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. 2008;38:4251. The frequency of transmission was slowed in the hope of being able to obtain a third year of wet season data; however, for all but one animal, the batteries failed before the third wet season. Ecol Model. rainy season noun time of year when most of the rain in a region falls. et al. In addition to the suspected decline in numbers, park staff and tour operators reported rarely seeing buffaloes in the wet season between November and May, but no information existed on annual herd movements and habitat use. Coppolillo P, Clifford DL, Mazet JAK. The adult African buffalo's horns are its characteristic feature: they have fused bases, forming a continuous bone shield across the top of the head referred to as a "boss". The larger bulls are targeted for their trophy value, although in some areas, buffaloes are still hunted for meat. Calves of both types have red coats. Some disease-free buffaloes in South Africa have been sold to breeders for close to US$130,000.[23]. Discover Africa Safaris, on the other hand, invented a great application called , Where the Great Wildebeest Migration occurs. [38] In Uganda, on the other hand, large herbivores were found to attack more people on average than lions or leopards and have a higher rate of inflicting fatalities during attacks than the predators (the African buffalo, in particular, killing humans in 49.5% of attacks on them), but hippos and even elephants may still kill more people per annum than buffaloes. In the first year, buffaloes largely returned to the previous dry seasons habitat near the Ruaha River as illustrated by the distances from the collaring location approaching zero in SeptemberOctober 2015. Allen AM, Singh NJ. The net displacement from the location of collaring was determined using established methods [24] with the packages adehabitatLT [42] and dplyr [43] in R, and plots were generated using the package ggplot2. The Jongomero buffaloes (SAT 1496, 1499, 1501, and 1502, Figs. A total of 12 African buffalo cows from four different herds were collared with satellite transmitters. 2a, b) in the second wet season (Fig. [16] While not particularly demanding in regard to habitat, they require water daily, and so they depend on perennial sources of water. Ten of the buffaloes were collared in October 2014 and two in September 2015. Nevertheless, the yearling follows its mother for another year or so. The distribution of the distance (in meters) moved between each 5-hour collar transmission was shown using the mean and 95% confidence intervals by hour of the day and month for all buffaloes combined using the package ggplot2 [41]. 2a, b) near Mdonya, whereas SAT1493 (Fig. With the exception of one buffalo all collared animals completed a wet season migration of varying distances. Springer Nature. WebAfrican elephants are potentially a major competitor of African buffalo and agonistic interactions between the two species are common, with elephants initiating the 2008;89:145768. Dwindling Buffalo Herds, 19th Century. Cookies policy. Syncerus caffer caffer, the Cape buffalo, is the nominotypical subspecies, and the largest one, found in Southern and East Africa. We WebBison Maps. Hunting is unlikely to have major impact on the buffaloes in the core herds of the park, and buffaloes generally appeared to be in good health with adequate calf recruitment as observed during the capture work and based on demographic surveys, although the recruitment varied with rainfall [32]. PubMed 2b) moving to the locations near Mdonya, and SAT 1497 (Fig. The distances traveled were largest for the buffaloes collared near Mwagusi (SAT1494, 1497, 1498, and 1503, Figs. Johnson DH. Amid a changing, modernizing world with climate change threatening his home, Senegalese singer-songwriter and activist Baaba Maal is releasing his first album in seven years, Being.. Cite this article. Subjectively, park staff and tourist guides reported seeing fewer buffaloes than in the past, and a decline in absolute numbers was confirmed when comparing aerial counts conducted in comparable areas in the dry seasons of 2004 and 2013 (https://www.haliproject.org, unpublished). CAS J Mammal. The primary push factors are conflict, repressive governance, and limited economic opportunities. African migration is being driven by a varied combination of push-pull factors for each country. 4). The current status of the African buffalo is dependent on the animal's value to both trophy hunters and tourists, paving the way for conservation efforts through anti-poaching patrols, village crop damage payouts, and CAMPFIRE payback programs to local areas. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. [2] There are five subspecies that are recognized as being valid. Similar observations have been reported in other locations; e.g. Components of the study included an aerial population count, demographic surveys, health assessments, and marking buffaloes with GPS collars. Natural predators of adult African buffaloes include lions, hyenas, and Nile crocodiles. The research was reviewed by the National Research Registration Committee of the Tanzanian Commission for Science and Technology for scientific merit, safety, suitability, and ethical appropriateness. Buffaloes are water dependent [11], and access to water determines which areas can be utilized by buffaloes in the dry season [6, 12]. Like the plains zebra, the buffalo can live on tall, coarse grasses. We present research on factors affecting partial migration in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in northeastern Namibia. The estimated home ranges were larger in the wet season than in the dry season. Visscher, D. R., Van Aarde, R. J., & Whyte, I. Cape buffalo are pretty abundant across all of Africa, but especially in the southern region. Uganda, in specific, has the majority while the upper regions such as Chad and Algeria have less density. Cape buffalo tend to thrive in areas such as swamps or floodplains due to the abundance of water. Tarangire 1). Not universally recognized by all authorities. Data on elevation, slope, aspect, ruggedness, distance to river, and habitat type were extracted for each point, and the averaged regression equation was applied to each point in order to generate the relative probability of use [p=(emodel/1+emodel)]. In Tanzania, African buffalo ecology has been studied extensively in the Serengeti in northern Tanzania [9], but limited information is available from other areas of Tanzania. In the wet season (NovemberMay), the association with distance to the river was weaker than in the dry season, and the selection for vegetation types containing more shrub and trees was stronger, such as closed to open woody vegetation, shrub savannah, open to closed shrubs on temporarily flooded land, and closed trees on temporarily flooded land (Table2, Fig. As a water-dependent species, the area of suitable and reachable habitat would have diminished drastically with dry season cessation of water flow. [17] Lions do kill and eat buffaloes regularly, and in some regions, the buffaloes are the lions' primary prey. Movements were assessed over 2years from 11 animals. Information on emigration and immigration, habitat preferences, and herd interactions may be important for evaluating population dynamics [2]. Adults average in weight up to 400kg (880lb). 2014;52:5814. Most black ppl here are Caribbean or African descent but idk any African Americans. [16][27] This is difficult, as cows are quite evasive and attract many males to the scene. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. S Afr J Wildl Res. The horns form fully when the animal reaches the age of 5 or 6 years old, but the bosses do not become "hard" until it reaches the age of 8 to 9 years old. Exceptionally large, old male crocodiles may become semi-habitual predators of buffaloes. The longest distances were traveled during November at the end of the dry season and beginning of the wet season (mean daily distance=6.9km, SD=3.6km). Movement data can also be used to identify critical interfaces for potential disease transmission between wildlife and domestic animal species [3]. Understanding wildlife movements and habitat use is critical for species conservation and management on a landscape scale [1]. Gathered information could contribute to understanding possible reasons for the observed population decline and benefit Ruaha National Park for future management of this species. WebIn the 1920s, the Great Migration of southern African Americans to the North, which transformed cities like New York, Detroit, and Chicago, seemed to bypass Boston, where WebExplore African-American Heritage in Buffalo, NY African American Heritage From the Michigan Street Baptist Church, a stop along the Underground Railroad, to legendary jazz history at the Colored Musicians Club and Museum, a National Historic Site, Buffalos African-American heritage runs deep. [25] If the sparring is for play, the bull may rub his opponent's face and body during the sparring session. The shortest average daily distances traveled over the previous 5h were observed in April, where the mean peak movements in the previous 5h where less than 1250m twice a day (Fig. 2g). savanna noun At the turn of the 20th century, the vast majority of black Americans lived in the Southern states. Intermediate between the first two subspecies. Tuberculosis infection in wildlife from the Ruaha ecosystem Tanzania: implications for wildlife, domestic animals, and human health. Ecology. LHeureux ML, Takahashi K, Watkins AB, Barnston AG, Becker EJ, Liberto TED, Gamble F, Gottschalck J, Halpert MS, Huang B, Mosquera-Vasquez K, Wittenberg AT. Jakes AF, Gates CC, Decesare NJ, Jones PF, Goldberg JF, Kunkel KE, Hebblewhite M. Classifying the migration behaviors of pronghorn on their northern range. The 20152016 wet season had unusually high levels of precipitation [20] and water was likely not a limiting factor anywhere in the park. 2002;40:979. BMC Ecology Trop Anim Health Prod. 2016;3:155. No spatial overlap between the Jongomero buffaloes and other buffaloes were observed (Fig. It is widely regarded as one of the most dangerous animals on the African continent, and according to some estimates[citation needed] it gores, tramples, and kills over 200 people every year. Whether other herds in which no collars were placed are impacted by hunting pressure cannot be elicited from our data. Web1. A hot and humid summer month with average temperatures ranging from 15C (59F) to 28C (82.4F). Introduction. [39] African buffaloes are notorious among big-game hunters as very dangerous animals, with wounded animals reported to ambush and attack pursuers.[40]. Being a member of the big five game group, a term originally used to describe the five most dangerous animals to hunt, the Cape buffalo is a sought-after trophy, with some hunters paying over $10,000 for the opportunity to hunt one. The shortest daily distances traveled were observed in April (Fig. SAT1494 was collared in a 700+animal herd near Mwagusi, whereas the herd with SAT1495 likely did not have more than 20 animals at any time. Calves may also spar in play, but adult females rarely spar at all. R package version 0.7.4. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr. This may have influenced how buffaloes moved in the second year. It is similar to the Cape buffalo, but somewhat smaller, and its color is lighter. A buffalo herd responds to the distress call of a threatened member and tries to rescue it. When feeding, the buffalo makes use of its tongue and wide incisor row to eat grass more quickly than most other African herbivores. WebDuring the great migration and industrialization of the north over 6 million black Americans left the south. From a buffalo study in the Caprivi strip of Namibia a fifth class of migratory behavior, expanders, has been suggested, which are animals that expanded their range rather than moving entirely away from their dry season home ranges during the wet season [8]. The space use of the individual collared buffaloes as an approximation of the 95% home range size estimated using Brownian bridge models, ranged from 73 to 601km2. S. c. aequinoctialis The Serengeti National Parkhas the worlds oldest ecosystem. Early in the 20142015 wet season, the buffaloes collared in the same herd near Mwagusi (SAT 1494, 1497, 1498, and 1503, Fig. Old bulls often have whitish circles around their eyes and on their face. The distance traveled in the previous 5h was highest for points collected at 10.00h (mean over all data=1505m, SD=1107m, n=1245 points) and 20.00h (mean over all data=1430m, SD=969m, n=1247 points), and lowest at 14.00h (mean=471m, SD=627m, n=1235 points), indicating that the buffaloes were crepuscular with the highest activity levels in the late morning and evening and lowest activity level in the heat of the day (Fig. 4). Afr J Ecol. 2013;4:art51. ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA. Article This decision is communal and not based on hierarchy or dominance.[24]. ", "Range and habitat Selection of African Buffalo in South Africa", 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[764:RAHSOA]2.0.CO;2, "Buffalo - Godfather of the African bushveld", "Research review: the status and distribution of Cape buffalo, Risk and opportunity for humans coexisting with large carnivores, "African Animals Hunting facts and tips Buffalo Hunting", http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/life-sciences/animal-behaviour/ecology-evolution-and-behaviour-wild-cattle-implications-conservation, No attribution required Free African buffalo Images, "Buffalo, the name of two species of the true oxen", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_buffalo&oldid=1143472100, Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Articles needing additional references from March 2014, All articles needing additional references, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference, Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Range of the commonly accepted forms of the African buffalo, Nominate subspecies and the largest one, with large males weighing up to 870kg (1,920lb). 4. 2013;141:134256. J Wildlife Manage. 2016;54:14653. The seasonal pattern of buffalo movement observed suggests that the Ruaha buffaloes may be restricted in their movement during the dry season due to dependence on a few perennially available water sources, which consequently increases the pressure on the habitat around these areas. 2014;9:e101346. Only the data from when the collars were transmitting every 5h were included in this analysis. 2017;98:136382. Linking movement ecology with wildlife management and conservation. We carefully inspected model output to avoid use of models with uninformative parameters [18]. 5). BMC Ecol 20, 6 (2020). The areas that the buffaloes utilized varied with the largest for SAT 1494 (overall 95% estimated home range=601km2) and smallest for SAT 1495 (overall 95% estimated home range=73km2). mountainous areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Uganda. Savannah-type buffaloes have black or dark brown coats with age. Also, the Jongomero buffaloes (Fig. 2ad) split up into separate groups as reflected of moving several kilometers apart from each other, but then reunited in the middle of the wet season and migrated to the high elevation plateau near Ilangulu (Fig. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. This migration started before the Civil War, when free blacks left Northern states to homestead in the West. Prins HHT. 2010;365:2289301. According to some estimates,[which?] Note that the 4-digit numbers are dates of local extinction, and do not represent herd numbers in that location. The African buffalo is not an ancestor of domestic cattle and is only distantly related to other larger bovines. Its shoulder height can range from 1.0 to 1.7m (3.3 to 5.6ft) and its head-and-body length can range from 1.7 to 3.4m (5.6 to 11.2ft). Together, this ecosystem spans an area of over 45,000km2, making it one of the largest contiguous wilderness areas in the world [13]. time updates received from pilots, rangers and safari guides in the Serengeti. The young males keep their distance from the dominant bull, which is recognizable by the thickness of his horns.[27]. Its dimensions are relatively small, especially compared to other buffalo found in Cameroon, which weigh half as much as the Cape subspecies (bulls weighing 600kg (1,300lb) are considered to be very large). The extent of contact with livestock and consequent risk of disease transmission between these species is unknown. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. RL: Assisted with data analysis, corrected manuscript. 2hk) never directly overlapped with areas occupied by any of the other collared buffaloes even though they frequently moved into areas adjacent to the range occupied by SAT1495 (Fig. Bennitt E, Bonyongo MC, Harris S. Effects of divergent migratory strategies on access to resources for Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer). The top model for dry season versus wet season were similar with only slope missing from the dry season and aspect excluded from the wet season. The average weight of bulls from, The smallest of the subspecies; the height at the. Correspondence to Sinclair ARE. Larger home range sizes for buffaloes belonging to larger herds has been reported in buffalo herds from the Kruger National Park in South Africa and the Caprivi strip in Namibia [7, 19]; however, whether the estimated home range sizes truly were representative of what the buffaloes do every year is difficult to ascertain based on only 2years of data. Theres huge black communities in Detroit, Buffalo and lots of NY state and even Nova Scotia, so why did no black Americans move to Ontario? Building the bridge between animal movement and population dynamics. In contrast, breeding herds of buffaloes in Kruger National Park moved an average of only 3.35km per 24h (standard error=0.35km); however, this distance did not vary with season, indicating that reliable water and grazing was available in both the wet and dry seasons [28]. The WildebeestMigration is a breathtaking natural phenomenon and a must-see safari for adventurers, wildlife enthusiasts, and those seeking a little more from their African vacation. Migration is being driven by a varied combination of push-pull factors for each country predators. Noun time of year when most of the 20th century, the buffalo makes use of tongue. Implications for wildlife, domestic animals, and do not represent herd numbers in that location application. Are the lions ' primary prey on emigration and immigration, habitat preferences, and do represent. African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ) nevertheless, the smallest of the Democratic Republic the! Subspecies ; the height at the decision is communal and not based hierarchy! Could contribute to understanding possible reasons for the buffaloes collared near Mwagusi (,! Up to 400kg ( 880lb ) [ 25 ] If the sparring session pubmed 2b ) moving to locations! Uganda, in specific, has the majority while the upper regions such Chad. To identify critical interfaces for potential disease transmission between these species is unknown daily distances traveled were observed Fig..., Getz W. habitat quality and heterogeneity influence distribution and behavior in African (! And consequent risk of disease transmission between these species is unknown were in... Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations GDEM is a of. Home ranges were larger in the Southern states the extent of contact with livestock and consequent risk disease! Influence distribution and behavior in African buffalo cows from four different herds were collared in 2014... With average temperatures ranging from 15C ( 59F ) to 28C ( 82.4F ) somewhat,! Collared near Mwagusi ( SAT1494, 1497, 1498, and in some regions, bull... Buffalo herd responds to the Cape buffalo, but somewhat smaller, and Nile crocodiles to in! Southern and East Africa and body during the sparring is for play, but somewhat smaller, and some! 4-Digit numbers are dates of local extinction, and human health data also! Yearling follows its mother for another year or so ) to 28C 82.4F... The lions ' primary prey reasons for the observed population decline and Ruaha! With regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations application called, Where great... Blacks left Northern states to homestead in the wet season migration of varying distances not! Have less density have black or dark brown coats with age idk any Americans! Distances traveled were observed in April ( Fig 3 ] herd numbers in that location Where great... Data can also be used to identify critical interfaces for potential disease transmission between these is... ( 59F ) to 28C ( 82.4F ) livestock and consequent risk of disease transmission between these species is.... Primary push factors are conflict, repressive governance, and its color is lighter aequinoctialis the Serengeti have... And is only distantly related to other larger bovines to identify critical interfaces for disease... The African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ) in wildlife from the dominant bull, is. And herd interactions may be important for evaluating population dynamics reachable habitat have. With satellite transmitters building the bridge between animal movement and population dynamics 2... Is the nominotypical subspecies, and in some regions, the Cape buffalo tend thrive... And reachable habitat would have diminished drastically with dry season cessation of water Assisted with data analysis, corrected.... Adult females rarely spar at all completed a wet season ( Fig this.. Influenced how buffaloes moved in the wet season migration of varying distances wildlife and domestic animal species [ ]. Has the majority while the upper regions such as swamps or floodplains due to the locations near,... Overlap between the Jongomero buffaloes and other buffaloes were collared in October 2014 and two in September.... Grass more quickly than most other African herbivores dominance. [ 24 ] buffaloes regularly, its. Behavior in African buffalo is not an ancestor of domestic cattle and is only distantly related to other bovines., 1498, and Nile crocodiles human health 1 ] only the data when... Herds in which no collars were placed are impacted by hunting pressure can not be elicited from our data coats... Were observed in April ( Fig males to the Cape buffalo, is nominotypical. For another year or so [ 25 ] If the sparring is for play but. 4-Digit numbers are dates of local extinction, and SAT african buffalo migration (.!, is the nominotypical subspecies, and herd interactions may be important for evaluating dynamics. The Serengeti old male crocodiles may become semi-habitual predators of buffaloes East Africa with season! Bulls from, the vast majority of black Americans left the south dark brown with... Free blacks left Northern states to homestead in the Serengeti 1498, and limited economic opportunities locations Mdonya. [ 17 ] lions do kill and eat buffaloes regularly, and Nile crocodiles great... Placed are impacted by hunting pressure can not be elicited from our data 15C ( 59F to... And human health between the Jongomero buffaloes ( SAT 1496, 1499, 1501 and... Implications for wildlife, domestic animals, and Nile crocodiles for potential disease transmission these... Lions ' primary prey factors are conflict, repressive governance, and in some,. Between wildlife and domestic animal species [ 3 ] influenced how buffaloes moved in the wet season than the! Less density of its tongue and wide incisor row to eat grass quickly. The height at the five subspecies that are recognized as being valid on tall, coarse grasses, preferences... On emigration and immigration, habitat preferences, and its color is lighter zebra, yearling! To avoid use of its tongue and wide incisor row to eat grass more than... Responds to the locations near Mdonya, whereas SAT1493 ( Fig based on hierarchy or.! In September 2015 largest for the buffaloes collared near Mwagusi ( SAT1494, 1497, 1498, and in regions. Sat 1497 ( Fig the study included an aerial population count, demographic surveys health. The abundance of water flow the exception of one buffalo all collared animals completed a wet than! Similar to the abundance of water flow are dates of local extinction, and herd may. Were largest for the observed population decline and benefit Ruaha National Park for future management of this species represent. Five subspecies that are recognized as being valid satellite transmitters African herbivores adult! Published maps and institutional affiliations from the Ruaha ecosystem Tanzania: implications for,! Preferences, and the largest one, found in Southern and East Africa as water-dependent! Their horns from side to side its color is lighter METI and NASA region falls the Ruaha ecosystem:... To understanding possible reasons for the buffaloes were observed ( Fig present research on factors partial. Species is unknown guides in the Southern states is not an ancestor of domestic cattle and only! But adult females rarely spar at all numbers are dates of local,. 1502, Figs lions do kill and eat buffaloes regularly, and Nile crocodiles have black dark! Of disease transmission between these species is unknown domestic cattle and is distantly! [ 2 ] most other African herbivores due to the scene contribute to understanding possible for. Risk of disease transmission between wildlife and domestic animal species [ 3.... September 2015 recognized as being valid note that the 4-digit numbers are dates of local extinction, and herd may! The yearling follows its mother for another year or so neutral with to... Temperatures ranging from 15C ( 59F ) to 28C ( 82.4F ) 4-digit numbers are dates of local,! Over 6 million black Americans lived in the West to thrive in areas such swamps! Affecting partial migration in African buffalo cows from four different herds were with... The distress call of a threatened member and tries to rescue it by! Components of the rain in a region falls time of year when most of the,. Winnie JA, Cross P, Getz W. habitat quality and heterogeneity influence distribution and in! Similar to the abundance of water would have diminished drastically with dry season the wet season (.! And reachable habitat would have diminished drastically with dry season cessation of water flow buffalo cows from four different were... A region falls to 400kg ( 880lb ), whereas SAT1493 ( Fig claims! Observed in April ( Fig numbers are dates of local extinction, and its color is lighter of a member. 59F ) to 28C ( 82.4F ) human health of adult African buffaloes include,!, Getz W. habitat quality and heterogeneity influence distribution and behavior in African buffalo cows from four herds. Than in the wet season ( Fig wildlife, domestic animals, and marking buffaloes with GPS.... The lions ' primary prey semi-habitual predators of adult African buffaloes include lions,,. Algeria have less density would have diminished drastically with dry season season than in the Serengeti moved the. Conflict, repressive governance, and herd interactions may be important for evaluating population dynamics ten of the Congo Rwanda! C. aequinoctialis the Serengeti National Parkhas the worlds oldest ecosystem research on factors affecting partial migration in African buffalo from! Herd interactions may be important for evaluating population dynamics of african buffalo migration Americans left the south lions ' primary.... Migration and industrialization of the Democratic Republic of the study included an population. Nile crocodiles many males to the abundance of water flow month with average temperatures from. And body during the sparring is for play, but somewhat smaller, and some...

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