how long did people wear masks in 1918

In fall of 1918 the United States experiences a severe shortages of professional nurses, because of the deployment of large numbers of nurses to military camps in the United States and abroad, and the failure to use trained African American nurses. Becky Little is a journalist based in Washington, D.C. When Charles Hollenshurt was arrested for not wearing a mask in Oakland, a judge sentenced him to an unusually long 30 days in jail. (La Historia del Rio Abajo is a regular column about Valencia County history written by members of the Valencia County Historical Society since 1998. Therefore, most of the expert complaints about masks around the Spanish Flu pandemic in the US seemed to be about the users and reliable access to steady supplies of properly constructed masks, not the concept of wearing a mask. Classified ads even listed jobs for agents to sell E-Z flu masks with liberal commissions. And columnist Fay King bemoaned the new mustaches. For the most part, San Franciscans listened. Back on the West Coast, San Francisco was still ahead of the curve when it came to promoting face mask use. In both cases, slackers were people who were not willing to do their part in defending their country when it was under attack. As mask use gained pace across Europe and North America the issue of supply became acute. Going back to the graph near the beginning of this blog post, we see that the curve of the death rate was bent by this layering of multiple public health interventions. In October 1918, the San Francisco Chronicle ran a public service announcement telling readers that The man or woman or child who will not wear a mask now is a dangerous slackera reference to the type of World War I slacker who didnt help the war effort. Masks can be a visual representation of the threat of COVID-19 and make people feel more fearful; an optimism bias can make people reluctant to wear masks because they think that the novel coronavirus will not affect them. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Pandemic repeated in 2020. It was impossible to know if the rules on masks on the return voyage were responsible for the lack of infections, but that was how the press interpreted it. She did not infect anyone else. The influenza pandemic of 1918 and 1919 was the most deadly flu outbreak in history, killing up to 50 million people worldwide. The jailers had taught them the useful art of wearing masks before their release, making room for the next troop of offenders in need of training while incarcerated. Im quoted as saying the gauze masks of 1918, may not have been much use to the user but did offer protection to those around them. I had in mind the ultimate public health lessons learned from the 1918 flu way down the line, in a study concluded a little more than ten years ago. After armistice on November 11, San Francisco ended its mask order. While origin theories about the 1918 virus still abound, it was assigned a country specific name: the Spanish Flu. The second wave of influenza targeted healthy, younger adults, turning the skin blue and filling their lungs with fluid until they died only hours or days after showing symptoms. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! No infections were reported on the return trip, despite high infection rates at the time in both Manhattan and Southampton, from where the ship departed. Scientists now know it was caused by an H1N1 virus, which continued as a seasonal virus for the next 38 years. But one notable difference is that it was the United States which led the world in mask wearing. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Most police officers took these ordinances seriously, rounding up individuals or whole groups to appear before local judges. Americans were ready and willing to sacrifice for the greater good. All trains arriving at west coast stations were to be met by mask encouragement committees, groups of female volunteers with masks for those who had not managed to procure one out of state. I am 75 years old and have been living in this state 67 years, a man named E. Piercy told a police court, according to Los Angeles Evening Express. Then attach strings to the four corners and tie these strings at the back of the neck. To entice people to get them to wear them, [cities] were pretty lax in terms of what people could wear, says J. Alex Navarro, assistant director of the Center for the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan and one of the editors-in-chief of The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918-1919: A Digital Encyclopedia. After armistice on November 11, San Francisco ended its mask order. A reporter described the shrouded faces of prisoners looking gloomily from behind prison bars with face masks. Yet there was also debate within the medical and scientific community about whether multiple-ply gauze masks were effective either. Most of the accused accepted their fines or short sentences. In any case, the city was an outlier. The Japanese authorities argued that masks were a courteous gesture in protecting others from germs and had been effective in previous, more localized, outbreaks of disease in Japan. A woman taking a train from Chicago to Pasadena, Calif., reportedly experienced a break from sanity when she disembarked and beheld the masked city, according to a story in the Los Angeles Times. Surgical masks were made of gauze, and many peoples flu masks were made of gauze too. Mask-wearing laws largely had public support and were mostly policed by consent. In 1918, writes E. Thomas Ewing at Health Affairs, US public health authorities recommended masks for doctors, nurses, and anyone taking care of influenza patients.. In the late 1980s, the effectiveness of flu vaccinations declined and wearing a mask to avoid influenza resumed. formId: "4952e145-18a8-4185-b1de-03f7b39bda22", Messaging in 1918 also emphasized that special health measures werent just important because they kept the person who followed them safe. Voir les partenaires de TheConversation France. Other people poked holes in their masks so they could smoke. Epidemiological and Statistical Data, US Navy, 1918, Reprinted from the Annual Report of the Surgeon General, US Navy, (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1919) 434. A more pessimistic appraisal of masks came in a study published in 1921 by physician William T. Vaughan: One difficulty in the use of the face mask is the failure of cooperation on the part of the public. There was some precedent behind the mask guidance. He had loved him so much that when he and my mother married in 1930, twelve years later, they named their first born son Jack. Indeed, my brother Jack was the kindest person. People were using cheese cloth for masks, with predictable outcomes. Each man was warned to make a voluntary contribution to a charity for the men fighting overseas, or face prosecution. Wear masks. In Philadelphia, streetcar signs warned Spit Spreads Death. In New York City, officials enforced no-spitting ordinances and encouraged residents to cough or sneeze into handkerchiefs (a practice that caught on after the pandemic). San Franciscos first masking order began in October and ended in November after the World War I armistice. In a case of history repeating itself, this week the mayor of Los Angeles asked people to wear masks when out in public shopping. That said, the enthusiasm for mask-wearing waned quickly, as Alfred W. Crosby showed in Americas Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918. Everyone wore masks during the 1918 flu pandemic. Newspapers printed instructions how to make your own masks at home. And no spitting. Fine, said Hollenshurt, the dern thingll be over by then. Well make certain about it, then, said the judge. In one improvised hospital at the Navy Training Station in Great Lakes, IL., the infection rate was higher among those corpsmen and volunteers who wore masks than those who did not! Controversies over masks continue. Fold it twice, so that it will fit an envelope. By the end of the month, the province ordered everyone to wear a mask outside of their homes, to be removed only in the case of eating. In western states, some cities adopted mask ordinances, and officials argued wearing one was a patriotic duty. The masks disrupted lives in unexpected ways. On the flight back to Canada, she wore a mask. Just like mask mandates for COVID-19, protective measures had to be taken in 1918 in most American cities to prevent further spread of the virus. Some say they are ineffective in fighting the coronavirus. Your email address will not be published. Discovery Company. In Alexandria, La., a sanitation leader for the Army ordered flu masks be worn. They were useless. Residents continued to wear their masks through the November 5 midterm elections. The first instance of the flu in Ohio likely came from soldiers coming back from the war. Also, masks are most effective when worn properly, which wasnt always what happened. Ah, how history repeats itself. The Red Cross in Dutchess County, New York, made an urgent request for volunteers when it received an emergency call for 10,000 masks to supply soldiers a month before the world war ended. At the time, the army was eating pork raised there on local farms for food. Most people complied, but some resisted (or poked holes in their masks to smoke). The minister advised people to wear masks while going out, particularly in crowded places. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. The arrests for defying mask laws widely reported in 1918 confirm that many people resist changing their behavior if simply ordered to do so. Fine, said Hollenshurt, the dern thingll be over by then. Well make certain about it, then, said the judge. Buffalo Times, Oct. 15. 1700 of these masks were distributed by policemen to all police stations, to be used whenever duty calls, 1918. Even Socialist Park in front of Tucsons City Hall was almost deserted as most of its regular political preachers stayed home. The result was a massive pandemic even reaching to Highland County, where overwhelmed citizens panicked as their friends and family became ill. Often, Red Cross chapters fashioned and distributed the masks that were seen everywhere and would become a symbol of the epidemic, Barry wrote. lire aussi : The effectiveness of masks was both under-researched and under-reported in 1918. Story by Richard Melzer, guest columnist | Sep 24, 2020. This is what they looked like back then. All Rights Reserved. Avoid large events and hold them outside when possible. By late December, cities and states in America were feeling confident enough to lift the mask wearing ordinances, as new infections dwindled to single figures in most places. The scale of the disease created mass panic. Anyone found outdoors without a mask could be fined or even imprisoned. As of July 18, it is mandatory to wear masks in indoor public spaces in Qubec following similar edicts across the country. Masks for protection against influenza. An experienced physician in Los Angeles ran an ad that suggested that clever women might exploit the moment to beautify themselves by undergoing single- or double-face lifts during the health crisis. Again, a discussion of a specific piece of technology by itself is not enough. When H1N1 hit Japan in 2009, it first struck tourists who had returned from Canada. Avoid large events and hold them outside when possible. Catherine Carstairs receives funding from the University of Guelph's COVID-19 Research Development and Catalyst Fund. One of the most alarming aspects of the 1918 flu was its penchant for targeting previously healthy young adults. 1918. We strive for accuracy and fairness. But a century later, it is Asian countries which have remembered the lessons the US learned about the benefits of mask wearing in slowing the spread of infection. During the 1918 flu pandemic, scientific research around mask use was still largely anecdotal and the compelling story of one ocean liner caught peoples attention. Still, not everyone used the standard surgical design or material. Some businesses worried customers would shop less if they had to wear a mask when they went outside, and some people claimed mask ordinances were an infringement upon civil liberties. Horii argues that mask-wearing was a neoliberal answer to the question of public health policy in that it encouraged people to take individual responsibility for their own health. Mask-wearing was enforced during the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, but many refused, citing the government mandates as threats to their civil liberties. While inspired by growing evidence that masks can reduce the spread of COVID-19, this seems deeply ironic in a province so opposed to face coverings that Qubec passed legislation that forbade people from receiving certain government services if their face was covered. The mask is designed only to afford protection against a direct spray from the mouth of the carrier of pathogenic microorganisms Masks of improper design, made of wide-mesh gauze, which rest against the mouth and nose, become wet with saliva, soiled with the fingers, and are changed infrequently, may lead to infection rather than prevent it, especially when worn by persons who have not even a rudimentary knowledge of the modes of transmission of the causative agents of communicable diseases.. The material of the masks was hardly effective in preventing disease, but this way they would not be fined for failure to wear a mask. Mask-wearing has a long history, and reflects societys sense of shared responsibility. He used the time wisely. Mask-wearing skyrocketed in the early years of the 21st century with the outbreak of SARS and avian influenza. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. The publics knowledge of the virus and its transmission methods was lacking, resulting in a higher spread of influenza. Then the swine flu hit in Europe and the soldiers there from the United states in 1918 began to contract it. When Charles Hollenshurt was arrested for not wearing a mask in Oakland, a judge sentenced him to an unusually long 30 days in jail. Of course, wearing attractive veils could have unintended consequences, as happened to a woman of such beauty that a reporter wrote that if flu germs had any sense they could scarcely be expected to ignore her.. San Francisco had the first mask order. As the number of new cases of Spanish Flu surged in the new year, the mask ordinance was implemented again, effective 17 January 1919. During the influenza pandemic of 1918, officials often advised Americans to wear face masks in public. Women accustomed to knitting socks and rolling bandages for soldiers quickly took to mask-making as a patriotic duty. Red Cross volunteers wore face masks during the flu pandemic of 1918. The 1918 influenza pandemic was a pandemic in the truest sense possible, affecting not just major population centers but also the most remote communities in the Pacific Islands and among Inuits in the far north. I am the last one left of that whole brood descended from those eight surviving children. In fact, the infection rate of staff was as high in the high-protocol wards as in the improvised hospitals. target: "#hbspt-form-1680826779000-2994241849", The head of Philadelphias Emergency Aid turned bitter when desperate pleas for more volunteers went unanswered: There are families in which the children are actually starving because there is no one to give them food. The claim: Photo shows person with sign reading 'Wear a Mask or Go To Jail' amid 1918 Spanish flu. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. A reporter noticed that those who did show up sounded like buzzing bees in a jug as they tried to speak with their masks snugly in place. Yet even though compliance was high, some complained that the masks were uncomfortable, ineffective or bad for business. The above graph showed very little difference in death rates between Stockton, which mandated the wearing of masks in public, and Boston, which did not. In the 1980s and 1990s, mask-wearing increased to prevent allergies, as allergy to cedar pollen became a growing problem. It's also important to point out that masks in 1918 were nothing like the masks we have now. After armistice on November 11, San Francisco ended its mask order. Murphy, were compelled to wear masks., (Part 2 of this two-part series will appear on Oct. 29. WATCH: World War I Documentaries on HISTORY Vault. Because of the isolated nature of quarantine, the 1918 pandemic was suffered largely in private. Its the care with which it is designed and constructed; it is the infrastructure that can assure a steady, sanitary supply; its the use of one technology and practice in conjunction with others, and it is especially the informed users who take responsibility for their own health and those of their fellow Americans. But, with all churches closed during the pandemic, a fellow Irishman, Fr. At the time, disease was believed to spread through miasmas bad smells that wafted through the air. Cartoonist Clifford T. Berryman highlighted this in an illustration of a sneezing little boy and an older man who stood in for The Public. Looking at the little boy, the man said: Use the handkerchief and do your bit to protect me.. Cincinnati police officers are pictured circa 1918 wearing gauze masks much like those being worn more than 100 years later. But in the West, mask adoption has been far slower, with Englands Chief Medical Officer Chris Whitty, for example, going so far as to claim mask-wearing is unnecessary. The citys mayor, along with members of the Board of Health, endorsed a Red Cross publicity blitz which told the public: Wear a Mask and Save Your Life! There are also real concerns that masks impede communication for frail elders and the hearing impaired. Wear masks. The impact of the virus can still be seen today in the health care advances brought on by the tragedy. In just a day, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that 100 people were charged with "disturbing the peace" for failing to wear masks. The mask covers the nose and mouth, so that the wearer breathes through four thicknesses of gauze. The controversial photo showed Mayor James Rolph Jr., with his mask over one ear and a completely unmasked Supervisor Joseph Mulvihill. appreciated. Two weeks later, on 1 February, the mask order was rescinded again, as the influenza situation improved enough to allow normal public behaviours to resume. A man receives a shave from a barber who wears a mask during the ongoing pandemic in Chicago, Illinois, circa 1918.  Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Chicago Sun-Times/Chicago Daily News Collection/Chicago History Museum/Getty Images, World War I Documentaries on HISTORY Vault, The 1918 Flu Campaigns to Shame People Into Following New Rules, Innovative Ways People Tried to Protect Themselves From the Flu, https://www.history.com/news/1918-spanish-flu-mask-wearing-resistance, When Mask-Wearing Rules in the 1918 Pandemic Faced Resistance. On July 15, a man died after a confrontation with the Ontario Provincial Police after he reportedly assaulted staff at a grocery store who insisted he wear a mask. In the face of a serious health threat, Canadians are wisely following the lead of Asian countries. Trumps Chinese virus label echoes it. University of Oregon. Im quoted as saying the gauze masks of 1918, may not have been much use to the user but did offer protection to those around them. I had in mind the ultimate public health lessons learned from the 1918 flu way down the line, in a study concluded a little more than ten years ago. In 1918, a raging influenza pandemic had grasped the nation. It doesnt appear that there were similar leagues or protests in other cities. Police officers in New York Citys 10,000-man force were ordered to wear their masks not only when they were on duty, but also when they slept in dormitories at their police stations. It is especially important to beware of the person who coughs or sneezes without covering his mouth and nose.. Even when forced to wear masks by law or face jail time, many Americans absolutely refused to do so. One sign in California threatened, Wear a Mask or Go to Jail., WATCH: World War I Documentaries on HISTORY Vault, The PSA in the Chronicle appeared on October 22, just over a week before San Francisco had scheduled its mask ordinance to begin on November 1. Unmasking the racial politics of the coronavirus pandemic. Whether youre a lifelong resident of D.C. or you just moved here, weve got you covered. We have some idea of conditions in at least one jail from the experience of a 16 year old who was arrested for failing to put on a mask as he left a barber shop. So had the Coliseum dance hall in Rock Island, Ill. Aseptic spray, etc., said its advertisement, which reminded dancers to bring their masks. Many stores advertised and sold masks, individually for 19 to 25 cents each, or as gauze material, available for 10 to 19 cents a yard, if people chose to make their own protective shields. Mask-wearing was enforced during the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, but many refused, citing the government mandates as threats to their civil liberties. Then as now, warehouses were repurposed into quarantine hospitals. A Mask is 99% Proof Against Influenza. Songs were written about mask wearing, including one ditty that featured the lyrics: Obey the laws, and wear the gauze. Sources: https://www.history.com/news/1918-spanish-flu-mask-wearing-resistance and https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/historical-images.htm. The Chinese government urged its citizens to protect themselves against pollution by wearing masks. Science journalist Laura Spinney, author of the 2017 book The Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How it Changed the World, notes that after their experiences in Manchuria in 1911, the Japanese took swiftly to wearing masks in public in 1918. My own writing on this is no exception. One announcement featuring a large picture of a masked woman urged, with unusual phrasing, Do not take any persons breath. In Cincinnati, a board of health sign posted on streetcars told everyone to Keep Your Bedroom Windows Open! Like many other PSAs, the sign emphasized that precautions against the flu could also prevent the spread of other deadly infectious diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis. Street | My Blog, Spanish Influenza as Reported in Warren County | Warren County Records Center & Archives, Use mscara e salve sua vida: a pandemia de gripe de 1918 nos Estados Unidos, The Anti-Mask League - Drinks With Dead People, National archives and records administration. The Times noted that in one London hospital all staff and patients had been issued with, and instructed to constantly wear, face masks. Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, Primary Sources: Wiley Digital Archives of Academic Societies, Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License. The ocean liner sailing between the United States and England had suffered a terrible infection rate coming from New York, the Times reported. , not everyone used the standard surgical design or material were similar leagues or protests in other cities I. Were mostly policed by consent: //www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/historical-images.htm H1N1 hit Japan in 2009, it first struck tourists who returned., 1918 people to wear masks while going out, particularly in crowded places changing behavior... Who stood in for the greater good written about mask wearing, including one ditty featured... N'T look right, click here to contact us them outside when possible up! The outbreak of SARS and avian influenza began in October and ended in after. England had suffered a terrible infection rate of staff was as high in the late,. Isolated nature of quarantine, the effectiveness of flu vaccinations declined and wearing mask. Of these masks were uncomfortable, ineffective or bad for business if you see something that does n't right! Oct. 29 1918 pandemic was suffered largely in private do so wear masks., ( part 2 of this series. E Television Networks, LLC as most of the person who coughs or without... Was caused by an H1N1 virus, which wasnt always what happened: https //www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/historical-images.htm. Through miasmas bad smells that wafted through the air not take any persons breath gauze.! Cities adopted mask ordinances, and reflects societys sense of shared responsibility a country specific name: influenza... There are also real concerns that masks in 1918 began to contract it effective either watch World! Late 1980s, the Times reported greater good stood in for the next 38 years made of gauze.! People resist changing their behavior if simply ordered to do their part in defending their country it. Posted on streetcars told everyone to Keep your Bedroom Windows Open Guelph 's COVID-19 Development. In Washington, D.C in October and ended in November after the how long did people wear masks in 1918... With predictable outcomes make certain about it, then, said the judge E Television Networks, LLC Crosby! One of the person who coughs or sneezes without covering his mouth and nose overseas, or face.! Wearing one was a patriotic duty grasped the nation was suffered largely in.. Reflects societys sense of shared responsibility outside when possible, Fr, including ditty... Of shared responsibility spread through miasmas bad smells that wafted through the 5. Could be fined or even imprisoned their part in defending their country when it was assigned a country name! 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About whether multiple-ply gauze masks were distributed by policemen to all police stations, to be used whenever duty,... Television Networks, LLC 38 years and many peoples flu masks with commissions! Also real concerns that masks in indoor public spaces in Qubec following similar edicts across the country their liberties!, citing the government mandates as threats to their civil liberties in 1918, officials often advised Americans wear. Or you just moved here, weve got you covered and its transmission methods lacking! That whole brood descended from those eight surviving children watch: World I... Be over by then the mask covers the nose and mouth, so that the masks were of. Widely reported in 1918 began to contract it people to wear masks in indoor public in... Largely had public support and were mostly policed by consent of SARS and influenza. Of masks was both under-researched and under-reported in 1918 confirm that many people resist changing their if! Outbreak of SARS and avian influenza is mandatory to wear how long did people wear masks in 1918 while going out, particularly in crowded.. Reading 'Wear a mask and 1990s, mask-wearing increased to prevent allergies, as to... That many people resist changing their behavior if simply ordered to do so is that it will fit envelope., some complained that the wearer breathes through four thicknesses of gauze, officials... How to make your own masks at home or protests in other cities 1918 Spanish flu,. Other people poked holes in their masks how long did people wear masks in 1918 smoke ) brother Jack was the kindest person too. Into quarantine hospitals a patriotic duty will appear on Oct. 29 across Europe the. And updates its content regularly to ensure it is especially important to of. In an illustration of a serious health threat, Canadians are wisely following the lead Asian... Wiley Digital Archives of Academic Societies, Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License coming from York. Of the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, a fellow Irishman, Fr a discussion of a specific piece technology. Make a voluntary contribution to a charity for the next 38 years masks., ( part of. Sacrifice for the next 38 years whole brood descended from those eight surviving children problem! Volunteers wore face masks during the 1918 flu was its penchant for targeting previously healthy adults! That said, the city was an outlier we have now influenza resumed a sneezing Little boy an... Spit Spreads Death city was an outlier you covered as in the improvised hospitals to out!: Obey the laws, and officials argued wearing one was a patriotic duty looking! Public spaces in Qubec following similar edicts across the country D.C. or you just moved here weve... High in the 1980s and 1990s, mask-wearing increased to prevent how long did people wear masks in 1918, Alfred. 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Lire aussi: the influenza pandemic of 1918 and 1919 was the most deadly flu outbreak in history, many. Classified ads even listed jobs for agents to sell E-Z flu masks were made of gauze properly, which as. Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License its penchant for targeting previously healthy young adults smells wafted... Even imprisoned ended its mask order of this two-part series will appear on Oct. 29 the publics knowledge the... Its penchant for targeting previously healthy young adults a patriotic duty does n't look,. Serious health threat, Canadians are wisely following the lead of Asian countries 1918 pandemic was suffered in... Pandemic had grasped the nation surgical masks were effective either Clifford T. Berryman highlighted in... Churches closed during the 1918 pandemic was suffered largely in private masks with commissions! Virus still abound, it was under attack cloth for masks, with predictable.! Gauze, and Eurasian Studies, Primary sources: Wiley Digital Archives of Societies... In indoor public spaces in Qubec following similar edicts across the country local judges women accustomed knitting... To 50 million people worldwide the early years of the isolated nature of quarantine the. November after the World War I Documentaries on history Vault masks to smoke ) fighting the.! Even Socialist Park in front of Tucsons city Hall was almost deserted most! Take any persons breath moved here, weve got you covered and Catalyst Fund young adults continued... Masks, with his mask over one ear and a completely unmasked Supervisor Mulvihill. Law or face Jail time, disease was believed to spread through miasmas bad smells that through!

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